The process by which food particles are changed into forms that can be used at a cellular level

Digestion

Sometimes referred to as the gastrointestinal tract

Alimentary canal

The 2 parts of the large intestine

colon and rectum

The 3 salivary glands

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

Describe the mucosa layer

made up of epithelial, connective, and smooth muscle tissue that protects, secretes, and absorbs

The amount of saliva you produce daily

0.5 to 1.5 liters

The length of the digestive tract

20 to 25 feet

The segments of the digestive tract

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus.

The 4 layers of tissue in the wall of the GI tract

- Mucosa

- submucosa

- muscular layer

- serosa

The accessory organs of the digestive tract

Liver, stomach, gallbladder, and pancreas.

Describe the serosa layer

outermost layer of GI tract made up of epithelial and connective tissue that protects

Another name for the oral cavity

Buccal cavity

Enzymes from the pancreas that break down proteins

trypsin and chymotrypsin

Enzyme from the pancreas that breaks down nucleic acids

nuclease

Describe the submucosa layer

loose connective tissue, blood vessels and nerves that nourishes and transports

Enzyme from the pancreas that breaks down lipids

Pancreatic lipase

Describe the tongue

a thick, muscular organ that occupies the floor of the mouth and nearly fills the oral cavity when the mouth is closed

The anterior portion of the roof of the mouth

Hard palate

The posterior portion of the roof of the mouth

soft palate

Describe the 3 stages of swallowing

• Voluntary stage where saliva is mixed with chewed food
• Swallowing begins and the swallowing reflex is triggered
• Peristalsis transports food in the esophagus to the stomach

A tube that runs from the mouth to the anus

gastrointestinal tract

Describe the muscularis layer

smooth muscle that moves contents of the GI tract.

The process of chewing

jaw, tongue, and cheek movements that mechanically break down food while mixing it with saliva

Formed by parietal cells in the stomach

hydrochloric acid

The cone-shaped projection that hangs from the soft palate

uvula

Functions of the liver

detoxifies blood, produces bile for digestion, metabolizes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, stores vitamins and minerals

The first set of teeth

primary (baby) teeth

Functions of the large intestine

• Absorbs water and electrolytes
• Secretes mucus
• Houses intestinal flora
• Forms feces
• Carries out defecation

The 3 parts of the small intestine

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

A hormone that stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice

Secretin and Cholecystokinin

The hardest substance in the body

Tooth enamel

Surrounds the pulp cavity

Dentin

The 2 types of secretory cells found in the mouth

serous and mucous cells

The 4 types of teeth

- incisors

- canines

- premolars

- molars

Enzyme that digests carbohydrates

amylase

The second set of teeth

permanent (adult) teeth

The 3 divisions of the pharynx

- naso (top)

- oro (middle)

- hypo (bottom)

The part of a tooth that projects above the gum

Crown

Anchors the tooth

Periodontal ligament

Contains blood vessels and nerves to nourish the tooth

dental pulp

The wave-like contraction of smooth muscle

peristalsis

The length of the esophagus

25 cm

The circular muscle at the end of the stomach

pyloric sphincter

Inner folds of the stomach

gastric folds

Finger-like projections found inside the small intestine

villi

The 3 types of secretory cells found in the stomach

parietal, chief, and mucous

The component of gastric juice that aids in the absorption of vitamin B12

Intrinsic factor

The component of gastric juice that splits proteins

Pepsin

This hormone triggers the release of gastric juice

Gastrin

This hormone triggers the reduction of gastric juice

Somatostatin

The 4 regions of the stomach

cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus

Mass of food that is swallowed

bolus

Digested food found in the stomach

chyme

Layered membrane that holds the intestines in place

mesentery

Sphincter muscle found at the end of the small intestine

ileocecal sphincter

Protrudes from the cecum

Appendix

The 4 parts of the colon

- ascending

- transverse

- descending

- sigmoid

Produces bile

liver

Stores bile

gallbladder

The 6 enzymes found in pancreatic juice

- Pancreatic amylase

- Pancreatic lipase

- Trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and carboxypeptidase

- Nucleases

- Bicarbonate ions