Hypothalamus

Effect

Controls Pituitary hormone levels

Pineal

Hormone Released: Melatonin

Effect: Regulates Sleep

Pituitary gland

Effect

Controls other endocrine glands and organs

Thyroid

Hormone released: Thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin

Effect: Controls Cellular metabolism

decreases blood calcium

Parathyroid glands

Hormone released: parathyroid hormone

Effects:

Insulin

Lowers blood glucose by moving glucose into cells for energy

Storing glucose in the liver

Hypoglycemia

Low Blood Sugar

Symptoms of Hyperglycemia

Cool, clammy skin

Shakiness

Sweating

Irritability

Confusion

diabetic ketoacidosis,

the body breaks down fat → produces ketones

Ketones cause:

• Fruity breath odor
• Metabolic acidosis
• Deep, rapid breathing (Kussmaul respirations)

signs of diabetic ketoacidosis

• Blood glucose 300–800 mg/dL
• Hot, dry skin
• Fruity breath
• Deep rapid respirations
• Dehydration

Hyperglycemia

high blood glucose

Anything above 126 mg/dL is considered elevated

Insulin glargine (Lantus)

is a long-acting insulin

• No peak
• Provides steady, baseline control for ~24 hours

When mixing insulin, always remember:

Mix Clear to Cloudy

Cushing syndrome

too much cortisol (hypersecretion)

Caused by overactive adrenal glands or excess steroids

Addison’s disease

too little cortisol (hyposecretion)

Specifically:

• ↓ Cortisol
• ↓ Aldosterone

Cushing syndrome (too much cortisol) causes:

• Moon face (round, puffy face)
• Buffalo hump
• Weight gain in trunk
• Thin arms/legs

Signs And symptoms of Addisons dieases

• Hypotension
• Dehydration
• Weight loss
• Hyperpigmentation (bronze skin)
• Weakness & fatigue

Hypothyroidism

slowed metabolism, so everything slows down

Signs and symptoms of Hypothyroidism

• Bradycardia (slow heart rate)
• Weight gain
• Cold intolerance
• Fatigue
• Constipation

Hyperthyroidism

increased metabolism, so everything speeds up

Signs and symptoms of Hyperthryroidism

• Heat intolerance
• Weight loss
• Tachycardia (fast heart rate)
• Nervousness, tremors

Adrenal

stress hormones (cortisol, epinephrine)

When blood sugar is low, the body released

glucagon

Diabetes insipidus

too little antidiuretic hormone

• Massive urine output (polyuria)
• Dehydration
• Dilute urine

Hemoglobin A1C reflects average blood glucose over

3 months

Fasting blood glucose

single point in time (not long-term)

Type 1 diabetes

Little to no insulin

Leads to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

regular insulin is the only insulin that can be administered in what route?

Intravenously

Insulin lispro

rapid acting insulin

High sugar = 3 P’s

• Polyuria
• Polydipsia
• Polyphagia

Acromegaly

too much growth hormone in adulthood`

Cortex

• long-term stress (cortisol)

Medulla

“middle = immediate response” (epinephrine)

• Aldosterone (from the adrenal cortex) regulates

• Sodium (Na⁺) → keeps it
• Potassium (K⁺) → gets rid of it

Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone

Symptoms:

• You hold TOO MUCH water
• You don’t pee much
• Your blood gets watered down