Neuro Part 1
central nervous system (CNS)
brain and spinal cord
Everything outside the brain and spinal cord is part of the
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
The input side of the nervous system is
the sensory system
The output side of the nervous system
is the motor system
The somatic nervous system controls
<p data-start="700" data-end="721">Conscious control, Skeletal muscle, Voluntary movement</p> <br>
The autonomic nervous system controls
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
Two Branches of the autonomic nervous system:
parasympathetic system
Deals with resting body functioning
Two branches of the autonomic nervous system:
The sympathetic nervous system
controls fight or flight response system
Nervous Tissue
Neurooglia
specialized cells in the nervous system, these perform support functions
Four types of Neuroglia or glial cells:
Astrocytes
metabolic and structural support cells
Four types of Neuroglia or glial cells:
Microglia
Remove Debris
Four types of Neuroglia or glial cells:
Ependymal cells
cover and line cavities of the nervous system
Four types of Neuroglia or glial cells:
Oligodendrocytes
make a lipid insulation called myelin
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Two types of neuroglia cells
Schwann Cells
make myelin for this system
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Two types of neuroglia cells
Satellite Cells
Support cells
What do neurons do?
Carry out control functions of nervous system
Neurons
Neuron Body
Cell metabolism
Neurons
Dendrites
receive information from the enviorment
Neurons
Axon
Generates and sends signals to other cells
Neurons
Axon Terminal
emits signals from the cells
Neurons
Synapse
transmits signal to receiving cell
Classification of Neurons
Sensory Neurons
input
Classification of Neurons
Motor Neurons
output
Classifications of Neurons
Interneurons(associated neurons)
communication between neurons
Bipolar Neuron
Has two processes, one axon and one dedrite
Unipolar Neuron
Has one process, split into central and peripheral projection
Multipolar
has many processes, usually one axon and many dendrites
Depolarization
more positive, sodium in
Repolarization
Hyperpolarization
More negative, extra potassium out
cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)
acts as a shock absorber for both brain and spinal cord
The spinal cord
located in a hollow tube running inside the vertebral column from the foramen magnum to the second lumbar L2 vertebrae called a conus medullaris
cauda equina
is a bundle of spinal nerve roots located at the lower end of the spinal cord.
It controls
meninges
protective membranes, purpose is to cover the delicate structures of the brain and the spinal cord
Dura Matter
the outer layer of thick, fibrous tissue
arachnoid matter
the middle layer, a wipsy, delicate layer resembling spider webs
Pia matter
the third innermost layer which is fused to the neutral tissue of the central nervous system, this layer contains blood vessels that serve the brain and the spinal cord
Epidural space
between the dura and the vertebral column is a space filled with fat and blood vessels
subdural space
between the dura mater and arachnoid matter, filled with a tiny bit of fluid
subarachnoid space
between the arachnoid matter and the pia matter is this large space which is filled with cerebrospinal fluid and acts as a fluid cushion for the central nervous system
what are some things that cerebrospinal fluid can do
transport dissolved gases and nutrients as well as chemical messengers and waste products
Fissure
a deep groove on the CNS surface of the
sulcus
a shallow groove on the CNS surface
The columns (also called funiculi)
are the white matter pathways in the spinal cord that carry signals up to the brain (sensory) and down from the brain (motor).
The horns are the gray matter regions inside the spinal cord.
Three Types
1️⃣ Posterior (Dorsal) Horn
The horns are the gray matter regions inside the spinal cord.
Three Types
2️⃣ Anterior (Ventral) Horn
The horns are the gray matter regions inside the spinal cord.
Three Types
3️⃣ Lateral Horn
Located on the side (only in T1–L2 region).
The dorsal column tract
carries fine touch and vibration information to the cerebral cortex
spinothalamic tract
carries temperature, pain and crude, touch information to the cerebral cortex
The spinocerebellar tract
carries information about posture and position to the cerebellum
Nerves
the connection between the central nervous system and the world outside the central nervous system
Spinal cord injury
results in paralysis and sensory loss below the injury and the extent of the paralysis is related to the location of the spinal cord injury
patients with injuries to the cervical regions are
quadriplegics, paralyzed in all four limbs
Patients with injuries in the thoracic region and lower
have paraplegia, they can move their arms but their legs are paralyzed
Guillain- Barre Syndrome
a paralysis caused by inflammation of peripheral nerves. It attacks the mylin of the peripheral nerves...Starts in feet and legs and moves upward, and when it corrects itself it reverses and heals downward
Myasthenia gravis
is a chronic autoimmune disorder where antibodies attack the acetylcholine (ACh) receptors at the neuromuscular junction. Fluctuating Muscle Weakness, Ocular Symptoms (Often First!), Bulbar Symptoms, Respiratory Weakness (Severe cases)
Botulism
a form of paralysis caused by toxins produced by the bacteria clostridium botulism
Meningitis
an infection usually from a virus or bacteria, of the meninges, the lining of the brain and the spinal cord
Bacteria can be treated
Viral can not be treated
Carpel Tunnel
an inflammation and swelling of the tendon sheaths surrounding the flexor tendon of the palm