ocular lens

10x magnification

Magnification for

Scanning

Low Dry

High Dry

40x

100x

400x

Hematoxylin

the basic dye- Gives Blue color

H&E

is the most common stain used in
histology. Over 90% of the slides you'll look at in your
life will be stained with it

Eosinophilia

red, pink and orange - Cytoplasmic Constituents Are Eosinophilic Red Blood Cells are stained intensely red

Basophilia

blue - The Nuclei Of Cells Basophilic

4 Basic Tissues

Epithelial tissues
Connective tissues
Muscular tissues
Nervous tissues

Epithelium

Epithelium is used to line surfaces and form
protective barriers. Epithelium is also good at
secreting things like mucous, hormones, and
other substances .
All epithelia have a
free apical surface
and an attached
basal surface.

four types of simple epithelia

Squamas, cuboidal, columnar, pseudo stratified

Glands

special example of epithelial tissues

endocrine glands

Glands that secrete their contents directly into the blood, thyroid gland, pituitary gland and adrenal
gland

exocrine glands

Glands that secrete substances through ducts to the surface of
the skin or into the lumen of a hollow organ are called

Secretions of the exocrine gland

mucus, sweat, oil, earwax, saliva, and
digestive enzymes

Merocrine secretion

most common exocrine
manner of secretion.
The gland releases its product by exocytosis and no part
of the gland is lost or damaged .
Salivary glands,Tear Glands, Pancreas, Gastric
Glands.

Apocrine glands

“bud” their secretions off
through the
plasma membrane, producing membrane-
bound vesicles in the lumen of the gland.
The end of the cell pinched off forming a
milky, viscous odourless fluid.
Axillary Sweat glands,Mammary glands

Holocrine secretions

are produced by
rupture of the plasma membrane, releasing the
entire cellular contents into the lumen and
killing the cell (cells are replaced by rapid
division of stem cells.)
 The sebaceous gland is an example of a
holocrine gland, because its secretion (sebum)
is released with remnants of dead cells.

loose connective tissue

much gel-like ground substance between cells
-types
1- Areolar connective tissue
2- Adipose tissue
3- Reticular
• Contains many cells and fewer, loosely woven fibers
• Cushion organs and provide insulation

Dense connective tissue (

in ligaments, tendons, dermis)
– Made of tightly woven fibers
– Types 1-Dense irregular
2-Dense regular

3- elastic fiber

Cartilage

Tough but flexible, Serves as a cushion between bones, Lacks blood
vessels and nerves and Heals more slowly than bone. Three types
differ in flexibility and location
1-Hyaline
2-Elastic
3-Fibrocartilage

Bone

Protects and supports internal structures
Facilitates movement along with muscles
Stores lipids (in yellow marrow), calcium, and phosphorus
Produces blood cells (in red marrow

Areolar Connective Tissue

It is the most widely distributed in the body. It contains several
types of cells and all three fiber types.
• It is used to attach skin and underlying tissues, and as a
packing between glands, muscles, and nerves.

Adipose tissue

located in the subcutaneous layer deep to the skin
and around organs and joints.
• It reduces heat loss and serves as padding and as an energy
source.
• cushions organs such as eyeball and kidneys

Reticular connective tissue

It is a network of interlacing reticular fibers and cells.
- It forms a scaffolding used by cells of lymphoid tissues such as the
spleen and lymph nodes.

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

It consists mainly of fibroblasts and collagen fibers randomly
arranged.
• It provides strength when forces are pulling from many
different directions.
• Deeper layer of skin; capsules around organs

Dense regular Connective Tissue

It comprises tendons, ligaments, and other strong attachments
where the need for strength along one axis is mandatory (a muscle
pulling on a bone).

Elastic Connective Tissue

It consists mainly of fibroblasts and freely branching elastic
fibers.
It allows stretching of certain tissues like the elastic
arteries (the aorta)

chondrocytes

only cells of cartilage -Produce the cartilaginous matrix
• contained in cavities in the matrix, called cartilage lacunae
•Tissue with poor blood supply that grows slowly. When injured or
inflamed, repair is slow

Hyaline cartilage

the most abundant type
• Covers the ends of long bones and parts of the ribs, nose, trachea,
bronchi, larynx and fetal skeleton.
• It provides a smooth surface for joint movement

-Fibrocartilage

with its thick bundles of collagen fibers, is a very
strong, tough cartilage.
• Fibrocartilage discs in the intervertebral spaces and the knee
joints support the huge loads up and down the long axis of the
body.

Blood

Macrophages are the “big eaters” that swallow and
destroy invaders or debris. They can be fixed or
wandering.
- Neutrophils are also macrophages (“small eaters”) that
are numerous in the blood.
- Mast cells and Eosinophils play an important role in
inflammation.
- Lymphocytes secrete antibody proteins and attack
invaders. plasma cells arise from lymphocyteMacrophages are the “big eaters” that swallow and
destroy invaders or debris. They can be fixed or
wandering.
- Neutrophils are also macrophages (“small eaters”) that
are numerous in the blood.
- Mast cells and Eosinophils play an important role in
inflammation.
- Lymphocytes secrete antibody proteins and attack
invaders. plasma cells arise from lymphocyte

Osteocytes

Connective tissue with a calcified intracellular matrix.
• Osteocytes - cells that make up bone tissue.
• In the right circumstances, the chondrocytes of cartilage are capable
of turning into the osteocytes that make up bone tissue

Blood

Macrophages are the “big eaters” that swallow and
destroy invaders or debris. They can be fixed or
wandering. Neutrophils are also macrophages (“small eaters”) that
are numerous in the blood.
- Mast cells and Eosinophils play an important role in
inflammation. Lymphocytes secrete antibody proteins and attack
invaders. plasma cells arise from lymphocytes

Skeletal muscles

Voluntary with many nucleaus, long and cylindrical

Cardiac muscles

Branching striated cells, one nucleas

Smooth muscle

When arranged in circle, controls diameter of tube

Neurons

Generate nerve impulses and conduct them
to other neurons, muscle cells, or glands

Neuroglia

Support, insulate, and protect neurons

Dendrites

many short, branching projections
– Receive signals from other cells
– Carry information toward the cell body of a neuron

Axon(nerve fiber)

Carries information away from the cell body to either another neuron or an effector

a single long extension

Cell body

Contains nucleus and other organelles
– Functions to maintain the neuron

What are nerves?

Nerves Consist of parallel axons, dendrites, or both .They are
Classified as sensory, motor, or mixed (sensory and motor together) depending
on the type of neurons they contain