chapter 1: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy
is the study of the form and structure of the body
Physiology
examines how the body function
Cytology
study of body cells and their internal structure
Histology
study of tissue
Gross (Macroscopic) Anatomy
investigate structure visible to the unaided eye
What are the characteristics of living things?
1. organization
2. metabolism
3. growth and development
4. responsiveness
5. regulation
6. homeostasis
7. reproduction
Organization
living things exhibit a complex structure of order
Metabolism
the sum of all chemical reactions in the body
Anabolism
small molecules joined to form larger ones
Catabolism
large molecules broken down into smaller ones
What happens if catabolism is working harder than anabolism?
you will have a bunch of smaller pieces rather than a large whole piece
Growth and Development
organisms assimilate materials from the environment, grow and develop
example: food, nutrients
Responsiveness
ability to sense and react to stimuli
example: temperature
Regulation
ability to adjust internal bodily function to accommodate environment changes
Homeostasis
ability to maintain stable structure and function (ability to maintain balance)
example: blood sugar, breathing, blood pressure
Reproduction
production of new cells for growth, maintenance, and repair
What are the 6 levels of organization (simplest to most complex)?
1. Chemical
2. Cellular
3. Tissue
4. Organ
5. Organ System
6. Organismal
Chemical Level
atoms and molecules are
Cellular Level
basic units of life
Tissue Level
similar cells with common function
Organ Level
two or more tissues working together
Organ System Level
related to organs working togerther
Organismal Level
all systems functioning together as a whole
What is Anatomical Structure?
The standard reference position of the body
Body is upright stance-Feet parallel and flat - Arms at the side of the body - Palms facing anteriorly - Head level and eyes looking forward
Body section
an actual cut or slice of the body
Body Plane
an imaginary flat surface
Coronal (front) Plane
divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back)
Transverse Plane
divides body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom)
Midsagittal Plane
divides body into equal left and right halves (median/middle)
Sagittal Plane
divides body into unequal portions
Oblique Plane
passes through the body at an angle
Directional Terms
directional terms are used in relation to the relative position and are presented in opposing pairs
Anterior is too_____
Posterior
Proximal (closer) is too _______
Distal (further away)
Superficial is too _____
Deep
Dorsal is ___
back
Ventral is ____
front
Proximal and Distal can only be used when?
Proximal and Distal can only be used when talking about the arms or legs (most common attachment point)
What are the Major Body Regions?
1. Axial Region
2. Appendicular Region
Axial Region
head, neck, trunk - forms the main vertical axis of the body
Appendicular Region
upper and lower limbs
Internal organs are housed within enclosed ________?
Spaces and Cavities
What are the Major Cavity Groups?
1. Posterior (back) Cavity
2. Ventral (front) Cavity
Posterior (Dorsal) Cavity
completely encased in bone
Cranial Cavity
houses the brain
Vertebral Canal
houses the spinal cord
Ventral Cavity
located anteriorly in the body
The ventral cavity is subdivided into ________ and _______?
Thoracic Cavity and Abdominopelvic Cavity
Negative Feedback
Positive Feedback
example: blood clotting- making clot larger so we can stop the bleeding
Failure of Homeostasis leads to _______?
failure of homeostasis leads to homeostatic imbalance or disease
example: blood sugar too high too low- need to take medication to fix the disease or control
Receptor
detects change in variable
Control Center
interprets input from receptor and initiates changes through effector
Effector
the structure that brings about changes to alter the stimulus
Serous Fluid
acts as a lubricant
Parietal Layer
lines internal surface of the body wall
Visceral Layer
covers external surface of organs