A major source of money that fueled U.S. industrial growth in the late 1800s came from

private foreign investors

The federal government supported transcontinental railroad construction by giving companies

land grants and loans

The only transcontinental railroad built without government assistance was the

Great Northern

The most important economic impact of the transcontinental railroad system was that it

created a unified national market

The single most important force behind post–Civil War industrial growth was

the railroad system

The U.S. adopted standard time zones when

railroads agreed on uniform time to keep schedules and prevent accidents

Which was NOT essential to the modern railroad system?

The caboose

The two industries most expanded by railroad growth were

mining and agriculture

Railroad agreements to divide customers and profits were called

pools

Which was NOT a common corrupt practice of railroad tycoons?

Forcing workers to buy company stock

In Wabash v. Illinois, the Court ruled states could not regulate railroads because

they were interstate businesses

The earliest efforts to regulate railroad monopolies came from

state governments

The first federal regulatory agency created to oversee big business was the

Interstate Commerce Commission

Countries that invested the most foreign capital in U.S. industry included

Britain, France, and the Netherlands

European investors usually

let Americans manage companies unless profits declined

The most important source of a key raw material for early industrial growth was the

Mesabi iron range of Minnesota

Which was NOT a major raw material driving early U.S. industrialization?

Rubber

A nationwide market encouraged Americans to favor

mass production of standardized goods

Interchangeable parts encouraged capitalists to

replace skilled workers with machines

Industrial leaders invented machines mainly to

replace expensive skilled labor with cheaper workers

Two inventions that expanded women’s employment were the

typewriter and telephone

Which invention was NOT associated with Thomas Edison?

Electric dynamo

One way post–Civil War business leaders increased profits was by

eliminating competition

Carnegie’s vertical integration involved

controlling all stages of production in one company

Rockefeller’s horizontal integration involved

forcing competitors to give stock to Standard Oil

The steel industry advanced largely because of

Henry Bessemer

Morgan’s tactic of placing bank officials on company boards was called

interlocking directorates

America’s first billion-dollar corporation was

U.S. Steel

The oil industry’s first major product was

kerosene

Oil became a huge industry because of

the internal combustion engine

Which tactic was NOT used by Rockefeller?

using federal agents to destroy competitors

Carnegie’s “Gospel of Wealth” argued

the rich had a moral duty to use wealth responsibly

Social Darwinists relied most on

laissez-faire economists like Malthus and Ricardo

Supporters of “survival of the fittest” believed

the wealthy deserved their riches

Courts used the Fourteenth Amendment to

shield corporations from state regulation

The amendment most useful to corporations was the

Fourteenth Amendment

The Sherman Anti-Trust Act outlawed

combinations in restraint of trade

The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was first used mainly against

labor unions

During industrialization, the South

remained rural and agricultural

The South’s main attraction for investors was

cheap labor

Tax incentives especially attracted

this type of manufacturing to the New South: textiles

James Duke’s southern monopoly produced

cigarettes

Textile mill work was often seen as

the only steady employment available

Which statement about southern textile mills is NOT true?

Rural Blacks and whites got high-quality jobs

One major change industrialization caused was

adjusting life to the factory time clock

The group most affected by industrialization was

women

Industrial workers were vulnerable to all EXCEPT

new educational requirements

The “Gibson Girl” represented

the independent and athletic new woman

Most women worked in the 1890s because of

economic necessity

Women entered industry mainly due to

inventions like the typewriter and telephone

Child labor reform gained support through

photography

Which is least like the others?

Closed shop

Late 1800s Supreme Court decisions generally favored

corporations

The National Labor Union won

an eight-hour day for government workers

Which group was excluded from the Knights of Labor?

Nonproducers

The Knights believed labor conflict would end when

workers owned businesses

The Knights believed republican ideals could be preserved by

strengthening worker independence

A major reason the Knights of Labor failed was

lack of class consciousness

The most successful post–Civil War labor union was

the American Federation of Labor

Even as labor gained support,

employers continued to resist unions

Critics of captains of industry argued they

exploited workers

Class protest was weak in the U.S. because

America had greater social mobility than Europe

Which did NOT contribute to post–Civil War industrial expansion?

Immigration restrictions