kidneys

eliminate nitrogenous waste, water electrolytes, toxins and drugs

location of kidneys

the retroperitoneal space- posterior wall of abdominal cavity

Nephron

the functional unit or the urine making unit of the kidney

nephrons contain two parts

• renel tubule
• blood vessels

the loop of henle contains what?

a descending and ascending limb

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

the rate at which glomerular filtration occurs

Most reabsorption occurs where?

the proximal convoluted tubule

Sodium

actively transported

water and chloride

PASSIVELY follow sodium

hormone control of water & electrolytes

play an important role In regulation of BP, blood volume and electrolyte composition of body fluids

tubular reabsorption

most of the filtration is reabsorbed in the kidney and returned to the circulation

Aldosterone

secreted by the adrenal cortex

antidiuretic hormone

hormone that affects water reabsorption

atrial natriuretic peptide

secreted by the walls of the atria in response to an increase in the volume of blood

parathyroid hormone

*secreted by parathyroid glands

plays an important role in the regulation of 2 electrolytes, calcium and phosphate

urine

formed by breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver

specific gravity

1.001 to 1.035

the urinary tract is comprised of

• inner layer is a mucous membrane
• middle layer is a smooth muscle
• outer layer is connective tissue

ureters

slender muscular tubes that propel urine by peristalsis and gravity

trigone

a triangular area of the bladder which forms as the entrance point smooth muscle that contracts involuntarily to prevent emptying

urinary retention

inability to empty bladder

urethral meatus

the opening of the urethra to the outside

intracellular

water located in all cells of the body

extracellular

water located between the cells

excessive fluid in blood causes heart failure creates what?

hyperemia and cyanosis

sodium

necessary for nerve impulse conduction and body fluid balance

potassium

plays role in nerve impulse conduction

calcium

necessary for bone and teeth formation, muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission and blood clotting

to many hydrogen ion

causes seizures.

buffers

a chemical substance that prevents large changes in PH

compensatory function refers to

the respiratory system and the renal systems ability to correct pH imbalance

the respiratory system and the renal system

can both cause and correct an acid-base imbalance

reproductive system preforms two functions

• produces, nurtures, and transports ova and sperm
• secretes hormones

cryptorchidism

failure of the testes to descend into the scrotum, can result in sterility

meiosis

reduces the number of chromosomes by one half, a sperm will only have 23 chromosomes

prostate gland

single gland, donut-like, encircles the upper urethra just below the bladder

external genitals

consists of the scrotum and the penis

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

promotes spermatogenesis

luteinizing hormone (LH)

promotes development of interstitial cells and the secretion of testosterone

female reproductive system functions

• produce eggs
• secretes hormones
• nurtures and protects a developing baby during 9 months of pregnancy

estrogen

• promotes the maturation of the egg
• helps to develop the secondary sex characteristics
• gives the female the feminizing effects

progesterone

• works with estrogen in the establishing the menstrual cycle
• helping maintain pregnancy
• prepares the breast for milk production after pregnancy

fundus

upper dome shaped region above the entrance to the fallopian tubes

body

central region

cervex

lower narrow region that opens into the vagina

uterus has three layers

• epimentrium- outer serosal layer
• myometrium- middle, smooth, muscular layer
• endometrium- inner layer, composed of two layers