What are the three categories of clinical assessment tools?

clinical interviews, clinical tests, clinical observations

What is the main focus of clinical tests?

To gather idiographic info about clients ( individual characteristics)

What are the 7 types of tests?

Projective, Personality, Response, Intelligence, Neuropsychological, Neurological, and Psychophysiological

What do assessment tools need to be effective?

must be standardized, reliable, and valid

Types of clinical interviews

Psychodynamic, Cognitive-Behavioral, Humanistic, Biological, Sociocultural

An open-ended clinical interview is said to be:

Unstructured

A specific clinical interview is said to be:

Structured

What are some limitations of clinical interviews?

- Lack of validity or accuracy

- Lack of reliability

-Bias, mistakes in judgment

Types of projective tests ( these are psychodynamic)

Rorschach test, TAT, sentence-completion, drawings

What do personality inventories focus on?

Behaviors, beliefs, and feelings

(self-reported)

What are the characteristics of response inventories?

- self reported

- focus on one area of functioning

What do psychophysiological tests measure?

Use physiological responses as an indicator of psychological problems.

Strengths of Intelligence tests?

- High reliability and validity

Limitations of naturalistic and analog observations

-observer drift and cross-situational validity

What is the general criterion for generalized anxiety disorder?

-For 6 months or more, the person experiences disproportionate, uncontrollable, and ongoing anxiety

- causes significant distress or impairment

What does the socio-cultural perspective say about GAD?

The condition is most likely to develop in individuals facing threatening social conditions.

What does Freud believe in (in terms of anxiety)?

All children experience some degree of anxiety and use ego mechanisms to control it.

What does the humanistic perspective say about GAD?

That it arises when people stop looking at themselves honestly and acceptingly.

What does the Cognitive-behavioral perspective say about GAD?

Acquired behaviors and maladaptive thinking often cause psychological disorders.

What are never cognitive-behavior explanations?

Metacognitive theory

Avoidance theory

How do benzos provide anxiety relief?

enhances the effects of GABA

What are the types of drug therapies over the years?

Early 1950s: Barbs

Late 1950s: Benzos

Recently: SSRIs, SNRIs and schizophrenia

What are some specifiers for anxiety disorders?

Animal, natural environment, blood-injection-injury, situational, other

What are some treatments for specific phobias?

- Any form of exposure treatment

What does the cognitive-behavioral perspective say about social anxiety disorder?

-Avoidance and safety behaviors are performed to reduce
or prevent these disasters

Important symptoms of panic disorders

sweating, chest pains, faintness

What biological factors contribute to panic disorder?

- hyperactive panic circuit

- issues in the amygdala, hippocampus, locus ceruleaus

What is the cognitive behavioral perspective of panic disorders?

Bodily sensations are misinterpreted as signs
of medical catastrophe and controlled by
avoidance and safety behaviors.
▪ __Increased__ sensitivity may exist.

What are some basic themes for obsessions?

Dirt/contamination, Violence/aggression, orderliness, religion, sexuality

What are some features of compulsions?

- feel that they MUST do/ little choice

What are some themes of compulsions?

Cleaning, checking, balance, touching-verbal-counting

What does the biological perspective say about OCD?

- result of abnormal brain activity, and abnormal brain structure & neurotransmitters

Cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical
circuit, is hyperactive making it
difficult for them to turn off or
dismiss their various impulses,
needs, and related thoughts

-

Mya is bothered by many different concerns. She worries about her job, her friendships, her safety, and her future. This worrying is causing her significant distress and interfering with her daily life. Mya’s most likely diagnosis
would be:

Generalized anxiety disorder

Which of the following is true about the
prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder
(GAD)?

Rates of GAD are higher among low SES populations compared to high SES groups

Which perspective has a focus on changing maladaptive assumptions in treating generalized anxiety disorders?

the cognitive-behavioral perspective

Heather is deathly afraid of being eaten by crocodiles, won’t watch movies or TV shows with crocodiles in them, never visits the zoo, and is very happy to be living in North Dakota, far from any crocodiles. Would this qualify Heather as
having a phobia?

no

Which of these is NOT a type of exposure treatment?

social skills training

(Systematic desensitization, flooding, and modeling are types of exposure treatment)

As part of his treatment for social anxiety, Amir constructs a list of situations that range from not that scary to very scary. Amir’s therapist will help him learn to stay relaxed in these different situations, an approach known as:

systematic desensitization

Approximately ___ percent of the U.S. population will be impacted by panic
disorder at some point in their lives.

5%

Which neurotransmitter has been implicated in playing a role in panic
disorder?

norepinephrine

________ is a disorder in which people pull out hair from their body (e.g., scalp,
eyebrows, and eyelashes).

Trichotillomania

Yesterday while waiting for the bus, Jay was overwhelmed with a sense of dread. His heart was racing, he had difficulty breathing, and he felt like he was going to die. This has been happening more frequently, and you suspect
Jay has:

panic disorder

Which of the following disorders occurs equally among men and women?

OCD

What are the two pathways by which ANS and the endocrine system produce arousal and fear reactions?

Sympathetic nervous system pathway, Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal pathway

What are the symptoms of acute stress disorders and PTSD?

Increased arousal, anxiety, guilt

Reexperiencing the event

Avoidance ( of trauma-linked stimuli)

Who is more likely to develop PTSD or acute stress disorder?

Women and people with poor financial status or discrimination experiences.

What are some triggers of stress disorders?

Combat, disasters, medical illnesses, epidemics, sexual assault, abuse, torture, terrorism

What is an important biological factor for stress disorders?

Inherited predisposition

What are some childhood experiences that increase risk for later PTSD?

poverty, catastrophe, chronic neglect or abuse.

Which of the following is responsible for returning the heartbeat back to normal
after a stressful event?

parasympathetic nervous system

Which of the following is a stress hormone released by the adrenal gland?

cortisol

The DSM-5 specifies four symptom clusters that define PTSD. Which of the following is NOT one of those clusters?

All of these are characteristics of PTSD

Which of these is characteristic of PTSD but NOT of acute stress disorder?

symptoms persisting longer than a month

Sexual assault is one of the most common causes of PTSD. Current data indicate that 1 in ___ women are raped at some point in their lives.

5

Data indicate that in approximately _____ percent of rape cases, the perpetrator of the assault is either an acquaintance, a family member, or an intimate partner.

75%

Which of the following structures has NOT been implicated in the brain’s stress circuit, which plays a role in the development of PTSD?

basal ganglia

Which of the following treatment interventions have NOT been found to be
effective and may actually increase symptoms of PTSD?

psychological debriefing

What are the main symptoms of depressive disorders?

Anhedonia (little pleasure), Avolition (lack of purpose)

What are the types of depressive disorders?

MDD, Persistent depressive disorder, PMD, Postpartum depressive disorder, seasonal depression, w/psychotic features

What are the major depressive disorder specifiers?

mild, moderate, severe, with psychotic features

What does the biological model say about depression?

That is mainly genetic, found through pedigree studies and twin studies.

What are the biochemical and hormonal reasons for depression?

Low serotonin and norepinephrine

Excess cortisol

What are the biological treatments for unipolar depression?

Antidepressants (MAOI, Tricyclics, 2nd gen anti-depressants)

What is the function of SSRIs?

They increase serotonin activity without affecting other neurotransmitters. (NRIs and SNRIs work the same way)

What are some biological treatments that directly or indirectly stimulate certain areas of the brain?

ECT, vagus nerve stimulation, TMS, deep brain stimulation

What are psychodynamic treatments for unipolar depression?

Free Association, Interpretations

What does the cognitive behavioral model say about unipolar depression?

That it results from problematic behaviors and dysfunctional thinking. (behavioral realm, negative thinking)

The behavioral dimension of depression emphasises -

number of life rewards and social rewards

Beck says that depression is produced by-

a combination of maladaptive attitudes, cognitive triad, errors in thinking, and automatic thoughts. (Cognitive triad: negative view of experiences, oneself, and future)

How does CBT help with depression?

Behavioral activation

- reintroduce pleasurable activities

- reward non-depressive behaviors

-improve social skills

What are the perspectives in the sociocultural model of unipolar depression?

Family-social. multicultural

What are some gender and depression explanations in the multicultural perspective?

artifact theory, hormone explanation, life stress, body dissatisfaction, lack of control, rumination

What are the biological perspectives of bipolar?

Neurotransmitter activity, Ion activity

(Mania high norepinephrine, low serotonin) (improper transport of ions back and forth)

What does the brain structure and circuitry look like in people with bipolar disorder?

abnormal brain structures in people with bipolar disorder, the hippocampus, the basal ganglia, and the cerebellum.

Current research indicates that
approximately _____ percent of U.S. adults
will experience an episode of severe
unipolar depression at some point in their
lives.

20%

The typical age of onset for unipolar
depression is:

late adolescence

The majority of individuals with unipolar
depression (about 85 percent) will recover
within ___ months.

6 months

A depressive disorder that is characterized
by a lack of responsiveness to reward and a pervasive loss of pleasure is categorized as:

melancholic

Which neurotransmitter has NOT been
implicated as playing a role in unipolar
depression?

acetylcholine

The artifact theory states that:

men and women are equally prone to depression

A therapy for depression in which the therapist systematically increases the number of constructive and pleasurable activities in a client’s
life is known as:

Behavioral activation

Which recreational drug has recently gotten
attention for providing immediate relief in
cases of treatment-resistant depression?

Ketamine

Which type of therapy is most effective in
the long term in reducing most people’s
depression?

CBT

What percentage of adults diagnosed with
depression who receive cognitive-behavioral therapy show significant improvement in their symptoms?

50-60%

Which drug works by blocking a vigorous
neurotransmitter reuptake process and
allowing serotonin and norepinephrine to
stay in the synapses longer?

tricyclics

Treatment in which a pacemaker powers
electrodes in the subgenual cingulate to
stimulate the brain is known as:

deep brain stim

What is the primary difference between
bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder?

People with bipolar I have full manic and depressive episodes

In what way is bipolar disorder different
from unipolar depression?

There is no gender difference in bipolar disorder, while unipolar depression is more common in women.

Which of the following has been found to be
effective in treating bipolar disorder?

Lithium

What are the key features of Schizophrenia?

- Various psychotic symptoms, such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized
speech, restricted or inappropriate affect, and catatonia.

- 6 months or more

What are the key features of brief psychotic disorder?

Various psychotic symptoms, such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized
speech, restricted or inappropriate affect, and catatonia

- less than 1 month

What are the key features of Schizophreniform disorder

Various psychotic symptoms, such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized
speech, restricted or inappropriate affect, and catatonia

- 1 to 6 months

What are the key features of Schizoaffective disorder?

Marked symptoms of both schizophrenia and a major depressive episode or a manic
episode

- 6 months or more

What are the key features of Delusional disorder?

Persistent delusions that are not bizarre and not due to schizophrenia; persecutory,
jealous, grandiose, and somatic delusions
are common

- 1 month or more

What is more commonly found in lower SES groups?

Downward drift theory.

What are the positive symptoms of Schizophrenia?

Delusions, disorganized thinking and speech, hallucinations, inappropriate affect

Types of Delusions:

persecution, reference, grandeur, control

Types of disorganized thinking and speech

loose association or derailment, neologisms, perseveration, clang

What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

Pathological deficits,(poverty of speech) alogia, convey little meaning, blunted affect, immobile, avolition, catatonic

What is the prodromal phase?

beginning of deterioration, mild symptoms

What is the active phase?

symptoms become increasingly apparent

What is the residual phase?

a return to prodromal levels

What is Type I schizophrenia vs Type II?

Type I has more positive symptoms and can be treated with anti-psychotics. Type II has more negative symptoms that can not be treated typically.

A fuller recovery from the disorder is more likely in people who:

good premorbid functioning, disorder was triggered by stress, abrupt onset, later onset, recieve early treatment.

A strange false belief firmly held despite
evidence to the contrary is known as:

delusion

Which of these is an example of a negative
symptom of schizophrenia?

flat affect

The lifetime prevalence rate of
schizophrenia is approximately _____
percent.

1%

Which of the following is true about gender and schizophrenia?

While there are no differences in rates of the disorder, men develop the disorder earlier than women

Pierre has schizophrenia and firmly believes that he is the son of God. Pierre most likely has delusions of

grandeur

Which of these is an example of a positive
symptom of schizophrenia?

loose associations

Feeling drained of energy and lacking
interest in anything is known as:

avolition

Type I schizophrenia is to _____ as Type II
schizophrenia is to _____.

positive symptoms; negative symptoms

For most people diagnosed with schizophrenia, the course of schizophrenia typically passes through three distinct stages, which are the _____,
_____, and _____ phases.

prodromal, active, residual

Marked symptoms of both schizophrenia and a major depressive/manic episode, with a duration of 6 months or more, are MOST likely to be
diagnosed as:

schizoaffective disorder

Family pedigree studies of schizophrenia find that the identical twin of an individual with schizophrenia has a _____ percent likelihood of
having the disorder themselves.

48%

Which neurotransmitter has received the
most attention as having a role in the
development of schizophrenia?

dopamine

Studies indicate that rates of schizophrenia
are elevated among individuals who are
born during the _____ months.

winter

Marc has been hospitalized with schizophrenia. Marc earns
poker chips whenever he makes his bed, gets dressed, or
makes eye contact with staff during conversations. Marc
can then exchange these chips for snacks and other items.
This is an example of:

a token economy

Sian has been taking an antipsychotic medication
for over a year. Sian recently has developed side
effects that involve involuntary facial grimaces,
lip smacking, and tongue protrusions known as:

tardive dyskinesia

Which of these is NOT a potential side effect
of first-generation antipsychotic drugs?

agranulocytosis

The majority of individuals with
schizophrenia:

live unsupervised