front 1 What are the three categories of clinical assessment tools? | back 1 clinical interviews, clinical tests, clinical observations |
front 2 What is the main focus of clinical tests? | back 2 To gather idiographic info about clients ( individual characteristics) |
front 3 What are the 7 types of tests? | back 3 Projective, Personality, Response, Intelligence, Neuropsychological, Neurological, and Psychophysiological |
front 4 What do assessment tools need to be effective? | back 4 must be standardized, reliable, and valid |
front 5 Types of clinical interviews | back 5 Psychodynamic, Cognitive-Behavioral, Humanistic, Biological, Sociocultural |
front 6 An open-ended clinical interview is said to be: | back 6 Unstructured |
front 7 A specific clinical interview is said to be: | back 7 Structured |
front 8 What are some limitations of clinical interviews? | back 8 - Lack of validity or accuracy - Lack of reliability -Bias, mistakes in judgment |
front 9 Types of projective tests ( these are psychodynamic) | back 9 Rorschach test, TAT, sentence-completion, drawings |
front 10 What do personality inventories focus on? | back 10 Behaviors, beliefs, and feelings (self-reported) |
front 11 What are the characteristics of response inventories? | back 11 - self reported - focus on one area of functioning |
front 12 What do psychophysiological tests measure? | back 12 Use physiological responses as an indicator of psychological problems. |
front 13 Strengths of Intelligence tests? | back 13 - High reliability and validity |
front 14 Limitations of naturalistic and analog observations | back 14 -observer drift and cross-situational validity |
front 15 What is the general criterion for generalized anxiety disorder? | back 15 -For 6 months or more, the person experiences disproportionate, uncontrollable, and ongoing anxiety - causes significant distress or impairment |
front 16 What does the socio-cultural perspective say about GAD? | back 16 The condition is most likely to develop in individuals facing threatening social conditions. |
front 17 What does Freud believe in (in terms of anxiety)? | back 17 All children experience some degree of anxiety and use ego mechanisms to control it. |
front 18 What does the humanistic perspective say about GAD? | back 18 That it arises when people stop looking at themselves honestly and acceptingly. |
front 19 What does the Cognitive-behavioral perspective say about GAD? | back 19 Acquired behaviors and maladaptive thinking often cause psychological disorders. |
front 20 What are never cognitive-behavior explanations? | back 20 Metacognitive theory Avoidance theory |
front 21 How do benzos provide anxiety relief? | back 21 enhances the effects of GABA |
front 22 What are the types of drug therapies over the years? | back 22 Early 1950s: Barbs Late 1950s: Benzos Recently: SSRIs, SNRIs and schizophrenia |
front 23 What are some specifiers for anxiety disorders? | back 23 Animal, natural environment, blood-injection-injury, situational, other |
front 24 What are some treatments for specific phobias? | back 24 - Any form of exposure treatment |
front 25 What does the cognitive-behavioral perspective say about social anxiety disorder? | back 25 -Avoidance and safety behaviors are performed to reduce |
front 26 Important symptoms of panic disorders | back 26 sweating, chest pains, faintness |
front 27 What biological factors contribute to panic disorder? | back 27 - hyperactive panic circuit - issues in the amygdala, hippocampus, locus ceruleaus |
front 28 What is the cognitive behavioral perspective of panic disorders? | back 28 Bodily sensations are misinterpreted as signs |
front 29 What are some basic themes for obsessions? | back 29 Dirt/contamination, Violence/aggression, orderliness, religion, sexuality |
front 30 What are some features of compulsions? | back 30 - feel that they MUST do/ little choice |
front 31 What are some themes of compulsions? | back 31 Cleaning, checking, balance, touching-verbal-counting |
front 32 What does the biological perspective say about OCD? | back 32 - result of abnormal brain activity, and abnormal brain structure & neurotransmitters Cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical - |
front 33 Mya is bothered by many different concerns. She worries about her
job, her friendships, her safety, and her future. This worrying is
causing her significant distress and interfering with her daily life.
Mya’s most likely diagnosis | back 33 Generalized anxiety disorder |
front 34 Which of the following is true about the | back 34 Rates of GAD are higher among low SES populations compared to high SES groups |
front 35 Which perspective has a focus on changing maladaptive assumptions in treating generalized anxiety disorders? | back 35 the cognitive-behavioral perspective |
front 36 Heather is deathly afraid of being eaten by crocodiles, won’t watch
movies or TV shows with crocodiles in them, never visits the zoo, and
is very happy to be living in North Dakota, far from any crocodiles.
Would this qualify Heather as | back 36 no |
front 37 Which of these is NOT a type of exposure treatment? | back 37 social skills training (Systematic desensitization, flooding, and modeling are types of exposure treatment) |
front 38 As part of his treatment for social anxiety, Amir constructs a list of situations that range from not that scary to very scary. Amir’s therapist will help him learn to stay relaxed in these different situations, an approach known as: | back 38 systematic desensitization |
front 39 Approximately ___ percent of the U.S. population will be impacted by
panic | back 39 5% |
front 40 Which neurotransmitter has been implicated in playing a role in panic | back 40 norepinephrine |
front 41 ________ is a disorder in which people pull out hair from their body
(e.g., scalp, | back 41 Trichotillomania |
front 42 Yesterday while waiting for the bus, Jay was overwhelmed with a sense
of dread. His heart was racing, he had difficulty breathing, and he
felt like he was going to die. This has been happening more
frequently, and you suspect | back 42 panic disorder |
front 43 Which of the following disorders occurs equally among men and women? | back 43 OCD |
front 44 What are the two pathways by which ANS and the endocrine system produce arousal and fear reactions? | back 44 Sympathetic nervous system pathway, Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal pathway |
front 45 What are the symptoms of acute stress disorders and PTSD? | back 45 Increased arousal, anxiety, guilt Reexperiencing the event Avoidance ( of trauma-linked stimuli) |
front 46 Who is more likely to develop PTSD or acute stress disorder? | back 46 Women and people with poor financial status or discrimination experiences. |
front 47 What are some triggers of stress disorders? | back 47 Combat, disasters, medical illnesses, epidemics, sexual assault, abuse, torture, terrorism |
front 48 What is an important biological factor for stress disorders? | back 48 Inherited predisposition |
front 49 What are some childhood experiences that increase risk for later PTSD? | back 49 poverty, catastrophe, chronic neglect or abuse. |
front 50 Which of the following is responsible for returning the heartbeat
back to normal | back 50 parasympathetic nervous system |
front 51 Which of the following is a stress hormone released by the adrenal gland? | back 51 cortisol |
front 52 The DSM-5 specifies four symptom clusters that define PTSD. Which of the following is NOT one of those clusters? | back 52 All of these are characteristics of PTSD |
front 53 Which of these is characteristic of PTSD but NOT of acute stress disorder? | back 53 symptoms persisting longer than a month |
front 54 Sexual assault is one of the most common causes of PTSD. Current data indicate that 1 in ___ women are raped at some point in their lives. | back 54 5 |
front 55 Data indicate that in approximately _____ percent of rape cases, the perpetrator of the assault is either an acquaintance, a family member, or an intimate partner. | back 55 75% |
front 56 Which of the following structures has NOT been implicated in the brain’s stress circuit, which plays a role in the development of PTSD? | back 56 basal ganglia |
front 57 Which of the following treatment interventions have NOT been found to
be | back 57 psychological debriefing |
front 58 What are the main symptoms of depressive disorders? | back 58 Anhedonia (little pleasure), Avolition (lack of purpose) |
front 59 What are the types of depressive disorders? | back 59 MDD, Persistent depressive disorder, PMD, Postpartum depressive disorder, seasonal depression, w/psychotic features |
front 60 What are the major depressive disorder specifiers? | back 60 mild, moderate, severe, with psychotic features |
front 61 What does the biological model say about depression? | back 61 That is mainly genetic, found through pedigree studies and twin studies. |
front 62 What are the biochemical and hormonal reasons for depression? | back 62 Low serotonin and norepinephrine Excess cortisol |
front 63 What are the biological treatments for unipolar depression? | back 63 Antidepressants (MAOI, Tricyclics, 2nd gen anti-depressants) |
front 64 What is the function of SSRIs? | back 64 They increase serotonin activity without affecting other neurotransmitters. (NRIs and SNRIs work the same way) |
front 65 What are some biological treatments that directly or indirectly stimulate certain areas of the brain? | back 65 ECT, vagus nerve stimulation, TMS, deep brain stimulation |
front 66 What are psychodynamic treatments for unipolar depression? | back 66 Free Association, Interpretations |
front 67 What does the cognitive behavioral model say about unipolar depression? | back 67 That it results from problematic behaviors and dysfunctional thinking. (behavioral realm, negative thinking) |
front 68 The behavioral dimension of depression emphasises - | back 68 number of life rewards and social rewards |
front 69 Beck says that depression is produced by- | back 69 a combination of maladaptive attitudes, cognitive triad, errors in thinking, and automatic thoughts. (Cognitive triad: negative view of experiences, oneself, and future) |
front 70 How does CBT help with depression? | back 70 Behavioral activation - reintroduce pleasurable activities - reward non-depressive behaviors -improve social skills |
front 71 What are the perspectives in the sociocultural model of unipolar depression? | back 71 Family-social. multicultural |
front 72 What are some gender and depression explanations in the multicultural perspective? | back 72 artifact theory, hormone explanation, life stress, body dissatisfaction, lack of control, rumination |
front 73 What are the biological perspectives of bipolar? | back 73 Neurotransmitter activity, Ion activity (Mania high norepinephrine, low serotonin) (improper transport of ions back and forth) |
front 74 What does the brain structure and circuitry look like in people with bipolar disorder? | back 74 abnormal brain structures in people with bipolar disorder, the hippocampus, the basal ganglia, and the cerebellum. |
front 75 Current research indicates that | back 75 20% |
front 76 The typical age of onset for unipolar | back 76 late adolescence |
front 77 The majority of individuals with unipolar | back 77 6 months |
front 78 A depressive disorder that is characterized | back 78 melancholic |
front 79 Which neurotransmitter has NOT been | back 79 acetylcholine |
front 80 The artifact theory states that: | back 80 men and women are equally prone to depression |
front 81 A therapy for depression in which the therapist systematically
increases the number of constructive and pleasurable activities in a
client’s | back 81 Behavioral activation |
front 82 Which recreational drug has recently gotten | back 82 Ketamine |
front 83 Which type of therapy is most effective in | back 83 CBT |
front 84 What percentage of adults diagnosed with | back 84 50-60% |
front 85 Which drug works by blocking a vigorous | back 85 tricyclics |
front 86 Treatment in which a pacemaker powers | back 86 deep brain stim |
front 87 What is the primary difference between | back 87 People with bipolar I have full manic and depressive episodes |
front 88 In what way is bipolar disorder different | back 88 There is no gender difference in bipolar disorder, while unipolar depression is more common in women. |
front 89 Which of the following has been found to be | back 89 Lithium |
front 90 What are the key features of Schizophrenia? | back 90 - Various psychotic symptoms, such as delusions, hallucinations,
disorganized - 6 months or more |
front 91 What are the key features of brief psychotic disorder? | back 91 Various psychotic symptoms, such as delusions, hallucinations,
disorganized - less than 1 month |
front 92 What are the key features of Schizophreniform disorder | back 92 Various psychotic symptoms, such as delusions, hallucinations,
disorganized - 1 to 6 months |
front 93 What are the key features of Schizoaffective disorder? | back 93 Marked symptoms of both schizophrenia and a major depressive episode
or a manic - 6 months or more |
front 94 What are the key features of Delusional disorder? | back 94 Persistent delusions that are not bizarre and not due to
schizophrenia; persecutory, - 1 month or more |
front 95 What is more commonly found in lower SES groups? | back 95 Downward drift theory. |
front 96 What are the positive symptoms of Schizophrenia? | back 96 Delusions, disorganized thinking and speech, hallucinations, inappropriate affect |
front 97 Types of Delusions: | back 97 persecution, reference, grandeur, control |
front 98 Types of disorganized thinking and speech | back 98 loose association or derailment, neologisms, perseveration, clang |
front 99 What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia? | back 99 Pathological deficits,(poverty of speech) alogia, convey little meaning, blunted affect, immobile, avolition, catatonic |
front 100 What is the prodromal phase? | back 100 beginning of deterioration, mild symptoms |
front 101 What is the active phase? | back 101 symptoms become increasingly apparent |
front 102 What is the residual phase? | back 102 a return to prodromal levels |
front 103 What is Type I schizophrenia vs Type II? | back 103 Type I has more positive symptoms and can be treated with anti-psychotics. Type II has more negative symptoms that can not be treated typically. |
front 104 A fuller recovery from the disorder is more likely in people who: | back 104 good premorbid functioning, disorder was triggered by stress, abrupt onset, later onset, recieve early treatment. |
front 105 A strange false belief firmly held despite | back 105 delusion |
front 106 Which of these is an example of a negative | back 106 flat affect |
front 107 The lifetime prevalence rate of | back 107 1% |
front 108 Which of the following is true about gender and schizophrenia? | back 108 While there are no differences in rates of the disorder, men develop the disorder earlier than women |
front 109 Pierre has schizophrenia and firmly believes that he is the son of God. Pierre most likely has delusions of | back 109 grandeur |
front 110 Which of these is an example of a positive | back 110 loose associations |
front 111 Feeling drained of energy and lacking | back 111 avolition |
front 112 Type I schizophrenia is to _____ as Type II | back 112 positive symptoms; negative symptoms |
front 113 For most people diagnosed with schizophrenia, the course of
schizophrenia typically passes through three distinct stages, which
are the _____, | back 113 prodromal, active, residual |
front 114 Marked symptoms of both schizophrenia and a major depressive/manic
episode, with a duration of 6 months or more, are MOST likely to
be | back 114 schizoaffective disorder |
front 115 Family pedigree studies of schizophrenia find that the identical twin
of an individual with schizophrenia has a _____ percent likelihood
of | back 115 48% |
front 116 Which neurotransmitter has received the | back 116 dopamine |
front 117 Studies indicate that rates of schizophrenia | back 117 winter |
front 118 Marc has been hospitalized with schizophrenia. Marc earns | back 118 a token economy |
front 119 Sian has been taking an antipsychotic medication | back 119 tardive dyskinesia |
front 120 Which of these is NOT a potential side effect | back 120 agranulocytosis |
front 121 The majority of individuals with | back 121 live unsupervised |