Diet Manuals

• diet orders
• special diets
• common diet orders

supplement feedings

• modular supplements
• standard or polymeric formulas
• elemental and semi
• elemental formulas
• disease- specific formulas

diabetes

group of disorders with persistent hyperglycemia

prediabetes

impaired glucose tolerance without diabetes diagnosis

four classes of diabetes

• type 1- born with it
• type 2
• gestational diabetes
• other and secondary diabetes

classic triad- if these three things exist, you may be a diabetic.

• glycosuria
• polydipsia
• polyphagia

ketoacidosis

dehydration, acidosis, electrolytes imbalances and treatment

death and cardiovascular disease

• heart disease leading cause of death
• stroke fifth leading cause of death

atheroclerosis

accumulation of substances inside arteries

unmodifiable risk factors cardiovascular disease

• age
• sex
• race
• family history
• prior medical histories

modifiable risk factors in cardiovascular disease

• hypertension (high salt intake and potassium intake)
• elevated blood cholesterol (relationship to diet and measurement)
• obesity(location of body fat)
• inactivity
• metabolic syndrome
• diabetes mellitus
• alcohol consumption( small amounts: vasodilation)-(high doses: vasoconstriction)
• cigarette smoking

benefits of omega

can help lower blood pressure, reduce triglycerides in the blood, and lower the risk of irregular heartbeats

psyllium

a soluble fiber used primarily as a gentle bulk-forming laxative in products such as Metamucil

myocardial infraction

heart failure

chronic kidney disease

• gradual loss of kidney function over time
• estimated 14% of Americans have CKD
• use of diet therapy

some functions of the kidney

• filtration
• reabsorption
• secretions of ions
• excretion
• control of cardiac output and systemic blood pressure

some causes of kidney disease

• diabetic nephropathy
• glomerulonephritis
• specific tubular abnormalities
• nephrotic syndrome
• nephrosclerosis
• nephron (the urine making unit of the kidney)

types of kidney failure

• acute
• chronic

treatment of kidney disease

• dialysis
• kidney transplant

kilocalories

• simple carbohydrates
• monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats

sodium

dependent on individual circumstances

potassium

dietary restrictions

phosphorus, vitamin d, and calium

importance of balance

controlling blood levels

renal disease in children

• growth failure
• poor food intake

accessory organs of the GI tract influence nutritional status

• liver
• gallbladder
• pancreas

preoperative nutrtion

• nutritional deficiencies identified and corrected
• preventive nutritional support
• fasting protocols

achalasia

• cardiospasm
• esophageal spasm

gastritis

a condition that causes inflammation of the stomach lining

gastroparesis

s/s- nausea, vomiting, bloating, and stomach pain

treatment- changing eating habits

peptic ulcers

sores in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, the first part of the small intestine

postprandial hypertension

a significant drop in blood pressure that occurs after eating a meal

diseases of the liver: hepatitis

• types of boruses
• treatment- only hepatitis c virus (HVC) can be cured
• Nutritional care- alcohol abstinence

gallbladder disease

a sharp, cramping, or dull pain in the upper right or middle of the abdomen. the pain can be worse after eating a fatty meal.

• nauseas and vomiting- these symptoms can occur with gallbladder disease.
• fever- a fever can be symptom of gallbladder disease

diseases of the pancreas

• acute pancreatitis
• chronic pancreatitis
• cystic fibrosis: a genetic disease that causes the Boyd to produce thick , sticky mucus that block airways and damage organs and can serenely affect the pancreas.

metastasize

cancer has spread to other organs

foods to reduce cancer risk

• eat-plant based meals
• control portion sizes
• maintain healthy body mass index

dietary habits linked to cancer

• obesity
• red or processed meat
• alcohol
• salt-preserved foods

a diet to prevent cancer

• changing emphasis on fruits and vegtables
• balance, moderation, and variety

what provides potential cancer risk reduction?

flavonoids

includes: apples, citrus fruits, coffee, and tea and may inhibit inflammation and tumor growth

common nutrition problems

early satiety and anorexia

taste alterations

cytokines

produced by excess adipose tissue and contribute to inflammation

malnutrition of cancer patients is a concern because taste alterations may be permanent (T/F)

True

functions of the gallbladder is too _____

concentrate and store bile

the primary objective of treatment of hempatic and encephalopathy

remove sources of ammonia

a food that should be omitted from the diet of a patient with peptic ulcers is

jalapeño peppers

a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease is _____

cigarette smoking

the main source of dietary sodium in food is_____

processed foods

the microscopic functional units of the kidney is called

the nephron