Tissue

groups of cells that are similar to each other in structure and function

four major types of tissues

epithelial , connective, nervous, muscular

epithelial tissues

helps form skin and covers the entire outter surface

histology

the study of tissues

epithelial tissue

forms large continuous sheets

Epithelial tissue is primarily concerned with

protection, absorption, filtration, secretion

Epithelial is abundant where?

digestive tract

epithelial tissues

forms glands that secrete a variety of hormones

epithelial tissue

avascular has no blood supply

epithelial tissue

Nourished from blood supply from underlying connective tissue is able to repair and regenerate quickly

epithelial tissue has 3 shapes

squamous, cuboidal , columnar

squamous epithelium

cells are flat like

cuboidal epithelium

They are cubed like

columnar epithelium

cells are tall and narrowed

epithelial cells

arrange in layers

simple epithelium

one layer

stratified epithelium

two or more layers

Simple epithelia

concerned primarily with the movement or transport of various substances across the membrane from one compartment to another

Simple epithelia

found where substances move by rapid diffusions

simple squamous epithelium

single layer with an underlying basement membrane

Simple Squamous Epithelium

found in the walls of capillaries-(the smallest blood vessels)

Simple Squamous epithelium

is found in the walls of the alveoli (air sacs of lungs) The tissue allows rapid diffusion of oxygen from alveoli into blood

What is special about the endocrine glands since they are ductless?

Because endocrine glands are ductless, hormones are secreted directly into the blood and blood carries the hormone to the site of action

Endocrine glands

secretes hormones, such as insulin

Does endocrine glands have ducts?

No they are ductless glands

what is an example of exocrine secretions doing its job?

Sweat flows from the sweat glands through the ducts onto the surface of skin for evaporation.

What do the exocrine secretions include?

They include, mucous, sweat, saliva, and digestive enzymes.

what do the exocrine ducts do?

The ducts carry the secretions outside the body

Exocrine glands

contains ducts or tiny tubes in which the exocrine secretions are released before reaching the body surfaces or the body cavities

What are the two types of glands GLandular Epithelium have

exocrine gland and exocrine gland

How many glands do Glandular Epithelium have ?

2

Glandular Epithelium

the function is to secret

Why do they call it transitional epithelium?

Its called transitional because the cells slides past one another when tissues are stretched

Where is transitional epithelium found

the bladder

Transition epithelium

found primarily on the organs that needs to stretch

WHere is stratified epithelium found

mouth, esophagus and skin

Stratified Epithelia

protective function for tissues exposed to everyday wear and tear

Stratified Epithelia

Multilayered stronger then simple epithelia

Goblet cells

modified columnar cells that produce mucous

Simple columnar

play a major role in absorption of the products of digestions

Simple collumnar

lines the entire length of the digestive tract

Simple Collumnar

Single layer of collumnar cells resting on its basement membrane

Simple Squamous

Functions in the transport and secretions of various substances

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Found in the glands and kidney tubules

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Single layer of cells resting on basement membrane

Connective tissue

connects or binds parts of the body together

Perichondrium

layer of connective tissue that covers cartilage,carries blood vessels supply to cartilage

what do cartilage do?

Cartilage secrete a protein containing intercellular matrix that is firm, smooth and flexible

what are the different types of connective tissue

loose connective tissue , dense fibrous, tissue, cartilage, bone, liquid connective tissue(blood&Lymph)

what are bone cells called

osteocytes

what secretes an intracellular matrix that includes, collagen, calcium salts and other minerals

bone tissue

where is connective tissue found at

blood, skin, bone and around many organs.

what provides flexibility and strength and the mineral containing matrix as a whole makes the bone tissue hard

Collagen

blood and lymph

Two types of connective tissue that have a watery intercellular matrix

prostaglandins

is produced by tissues and is the chemical mediators of pain and. inflamation

the cone shaped gland called the pineal gland controls what

its called the body biologic clock controling many biorhythms it also secretes melatonin

the thymus gland secretes what hormone

thymosine which plays a role in immunity

isulin is the only hormone to do what

lowerbloodsugar

beta cells

secrete insulin

islets langerhan

alpha cells

secrete glucagon

mineralocortisol playsa a role in regulating the blood volume and electrolytes its called the salt retaining hormone

aldosterone

what is the chief glucocortiroid?

cortisol.

glucocortiroids

turn amino acids into sugar

hypercalceimia

to much calcium pth stimulates this

hyposcalcimia

low calcium levels

Catechololamines

hormones that are secreted in emergency situations

ex epinephrine and noreepinephrine

when you have low blood level of calcium what occurs

pth is stimulated

pth what are the three target organs

bone, digestive tract and kidneys

what does calcitonin do

help regulates blood levels of calcium

what happens if you dont have enough iodine from t3 and t4

you wont be able to get negative feed back

t3 and t4 does what

regulates all phases of metabolism and are necessary for proper functioning of all hormones

what are follicular cells

located within the thyroid follicle t3 and t4

what triggers adh

stress trauma and morphine

adh)

attempts to conserve water

primary target is the kidneys

adrienocorticotropic hormones (Acth)

Target gland for adrenocorticotropic hormone is the adrenal cortex (acth )stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete steroids

Neurons

nerve cells that transmits electrical signals to and from the brain and spinal cord

Gonadotropic

Stimulates sex hormones

Adrenocorticotropic

Targets adrenal cortex Acth stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete steroids

thyrotropin(Tsh)

stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete hormones

what promotes milk production in women

prolactin

prolactin (Prl)

the lactogenic hormone

acromegaly

a condition that occurs if hypersecretion occurs in an adult after epiphyseal disc of the long bones have sealed

what does the growth hormone do

causes amino acids to be built into proteins and fats to be broken down and used for energy

fsh, lh

gonadotropins

prl

prolactin

gh

growth hormone

actch

adrenocorticotrophic hormones

whats tsh

thyroid stimulating hormone

How many hormones does the anterior pituitary gland secrete?

It secretes six major hormones

what are the two main parts of the pituitary gland

anterior pituitary gland

and posterior gland

what are the to ways CNS activate

The hypothalamus, and Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system

what does the cns do?

Helps control the secretion of hormones in two ways

Cicadian rhythma

A 24 hour rhythm, pattern repeats itself every24 hours

what controls the secretions of hormones

negative feed back, biorhythms, control by the central nervous systems

steroind hormones

intracellular receptors

protein hormones target what

membrane receptors

what are hormones classified as

proteins and steroids

What do hormones do?

Helps regulate metabolic process involving fats, carbohydrates and proteins

what is a hormone

A chemical messenger

endocrine glands

secrete the chemical substances called hormone

What are the accessory structure

sweat glands, oil glands, hair, nail

peritonitis infection

in the abdominal cavity can be life threatening

pericardium membranes

found in the thoracic cavity and partially surrounds the heart

what do mucous membrane do?

secrete mucous

what is the underlying layer composed of

fibrous connective tissue

connective tissue

one connects

epithelial

one is covering

membranes

classified as epithelial

fibrosis

replacement of injured tissue by the formation of fibrous connective tissue or scar tissue

regeneration

replacement of tissue by cells that are identical to the original cells

what are the two types of tissue repair

regeneration and fibrosis

what do the intercolated disc do

Makes the heart beat

cardiac muscle

arrangement promotes rapid conduction of electrical signals throughout the heart

heart beats at the same time

what are the three types of muscle tissue

skeletal (striated)

Smooth (non striated )

cardiac

Where is cardiac muscles located

The heart

smoothe muscles

stomach muscles help to churn food, bladder muscles help to expel urine

Neuroglia

Cells that support and dont take care of neurons

does not transmit electrical impulse

What is the most abundant of the four types of tissues

Connective Tissue

bone

acts as a storage site for minerals salts