The anterosuperior portion of the nose is innervated by the __________ nerve, specifically through the anterior and posterior __________ nerves, which are branches of the __________ nerve.

ophthalmic, ethmoidal, nasociliary

Most of the external nose, including the dorsum and apex, is supplied by CN __________ via the __________ nerve and the external nasal branch of the __________ ethmoidal nerve.

V1, infratrochlear, anterior

The alae of the nose are supplied by nasal branches of the __________ nerve, which is a branch of CN __________.

infraorbital, V2

What is 1?

root

What is 2?

dorsum

What is 3?

apex

What is 4?

naris

What is 5?

nasal septum

What is 6?

ala of nose

what is the flexible tissue around the nares called?

_______-_______ _______

fibro-areolar tissue

The __________ procedure is used to ensure complete removal of __________ or __________ cell carcinoma of the nose, and it is often __________, requiring reconstructive __________.

Mohs, squamous, basal, disfiguring, surgery

What is this associated with?

Mohs procedure

During nasal reconstructive surgery, __________ cartilage is usually used to replace cartilaginous tissue, though __________ cartilage from the __________ ear may occasionally be used.

rib, conchal, external

What was likely used here?

conchal cartilage or rib cartilage

what are the regions of each chamber of the nasal cavity?

_______

_______ segment

_______ segment

vestibuler

espiratory segment

olfactory segment

what separates the nasal chambers from one another?

____ & ____ ____

bony & cartilagenous septum

The nasal vestibule is lined with __________ __________ epithelium and contains __________ that help prevent large __________ from entering the nasal cavities.

stratified squamous, hairs, particulates

The vestibule communicates with the external environment through the __________ __________, and at its end, the epithelium transitions from stratified squamous to __________ __________ __________ epithelium with __________ cells.

external nares, pseudostratified columnar ciliated, goblet

Normal respiratory epithelium is __________ __________ __________ epithelium with __________ cells and begins where the __________ ends.

pseudostratified columnar ciliated, goblet, vestibule

What is 1?

conchae

What is 2?

nasal mucosa

What is 3?

vestibule

What is 4?

hard palate

What is 5?

soft palate

What is 6?

oral cavity

What is 7?

hyoid bone

What is 8?

epiglottis

What is 9?

larynx

What is 10?

thyroid cartilage

What is 11?

cricoid cartilage

What is 12?

trachea

What is 13?

esophagus

What is 14?

vocal fold

What is 15?

ventricular fold

What is 16?

laryngopharynx

What is 17?

oropharynx

What is 18?

nasopharynx

What is 19?

orfice of auditory tube

What is 20?

choanae

In the respiratory segment, the medial wall is formed by the __________ __________, while the lateral wall is formed by the __________, which increase __________ __________ and cause __________ in airflow for better warming and moisturizing.

nasal septum, conchae, surface area, turbulence

What is 1?

goblet cells

What is 2?

ciliated cells

What is 3?

basal cells

What is 4?

CT

The lamina propria of the nasal cavity is highly __________ to help __________ inspired air and contains mucous glands with __________ __________ that secrete __________, an antibacterial enzyme.

vascular, warm, serous demilunes, lysozyme

During allergic reactions and viral infections, blood vessels in the nasal cavity lamina propria become excessively __________ and __________, causing distension that makes __________ more difficult.

engorged, leaky, breathing

The olfactory segment is lined with __________ __________ epithelium that contains specialized cells including __________ cells (special visceral sensory), __________ cells (provide mechanical and metabolic support), and __________ cells (mitotic cells for renewal).

pseudostratified columnar, olfactory, sustentacular, basal

In the olfactory epithelium, __________ cells function in general sensory input, are innervated by CN __________, and detect __________; they are also found in respiratory epithelium.

brush, V, touch

Olfactory cells in the olfactory epithelium are __________ __________ sensory cells responsible for detecting odors, while supporting or __________ cells provide __________ and __________ support to these sensory cells.

special visceral, sustentacular, mechanical, metabolic

Basal cells in the olfactory epithelium are __________ cells that renew __________ and __________ cells, and brush cells are general sensory cells innervated by CN __________ that signal __________ from the olfactory epithelium.

mitotic, sensory, sustentacular, V, touch

The olfactory nerve (CN I) is formed by axons arising from the __________ ends of olfactory __________ that join together and penetrate the __________ plate of the __________ bone to synapse in the olfactory __________.

basal, cells, cribiform, ethmoid, bulb

Unlike most neurons in adult humans, olfactory neurons have the ability to __________.

regenerate

At the apical end of olfactory cells is the olfactory __________, which contains non-motile __________ that serve as sites of olfactory __________.

vesicle, cilia, receptors

At the basal end of olfactory cells is the __________ that joins axons from adjacent cells to form the __________ nerve (CN I).

axon, olfactory

what is this?

olfactory epithlium (olfactory glands = Bowman's glands)

What is 1?

duct

What is 2?

olfactory epithelium

What is 3?

duct

What is 4?

olfactory glands

What is 5?

olfactory nerves

what is this?

olfactory epithelium

glands = Bowman's glands

What is 1?

nerves

What is 2?

blood vessels

What is 3?

epithelium

What is 4?

glands

what are the external nose & posterior nasal cavity composed of?

external nose - _____ _____

posterior nasal cavity - _____ _____

predominantly cartilagenous

predominantly bone

what are the posterior openings of the nasal cavities into the nasopharynx?

_____

choanae

What is 1?

choanae

What is 2?

nasopharynx

What is 3?

soft palate

What is 4?

oropharynx

What is 5?

oral cavity

What is 6?

nares

What is 7?

external nose

What is 8?

nasal septum

What is 9?

right orbit

The major components forming the medial wall of the nasal septum are the __________ __________, the __________, and the __________ __________ of the __________ bone.

septal cartilage, vomer, perpendicular plate, ethmoid

Small contributions to the medial nasal septum come from the __________ bones, nasal __________ of the __________ bone, nasal __________ of the __________ and __________ bones, the __________ of the __________ bone, and the __________ crest of the __________.

nasal, spine, frontal, crests, maxillary, palatine, rostrum, sphenoid, incisor, maxilla

What is 1?

nasal spine of frontal bone

What is 2?

perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone

What is 3?

sphenoidal sinus

What is 4?

pituitary fossa

What is 5?

nasal crest of maxillary and palatine bones

What is 6?

vomer

What is 7?

incisor crest

What is 8?

septal cartilage

What is 9?

nasal bone

The highest point forming the roof of the nasal cavity is the __________ __________ of the __________ bone.

cribiform plate, ethmoid

More anteriorly, the roof of the nasal cavity is formed by the nasal __________ of the __________ bone, the __________ bone, lateral processes of the __________ bone, and the major __________ cartilages.

spine, frontal, nasal, septal, alar

The __________ __________ rests on the cribiform plate of the __________ bone and is the site where olfactory nerves passing through the olfactory __________ synapse.

olfactory bulb, ethmoid, foramina

What is 1?

frontal crest

What is 2?

foramen cecum

What is 3?

foramina of cribiform plate

What is 4?

body of sphenoid

What is 5?

anterior clinoid process

What is 6?

lesser wing (of sphenoid)

What is 7?

cribiform plate

What is 8?

orbital part (of frontal bone)

What is 9?

crista galli

The floor of the nasal cavities is formed by the soft tissue of the __________ __________ and the upper surface of the hard palate, which includes the __________ process of the __________ bone and the __________ plate of the __________ bone.

external nose, palatine, maxillary, horizontal, palatine

The lateral wall of the nasal cavities includes the __________ bone, the __________ bone (specifically the labyrinth and uncinate process), and the __________ bone with its perpendicular plate.

nasal, ethmoid, palatine

Additional contributors to the lateral wall of the nasal cavities are the __________ bone (medial surface), __________ bone (medial plate of pterygoid process), __________ bone (medial surface), and the __________ nasal concha.

lacrimal, sphenoid, maxilla, inferior

What is 1?

frontal process of maxilla

What is 2?

lacrimal bone

What is 3?

superior concha

What is 4?

middle concha

What is 5?

uncinate process of ethmoid

What is 6?

medial pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone

What is 7?

perpendicular plate of palatine bone

What is 8?

inferior concha

What is 9?

minor alar cartilage

What is 10?

major alar cartilage

What is 11?

lateral process of septal cartilage

What is 12?

nasal bone

What is 1?

superior concha

What is 2?

middle concha

What is 3?

opening of pharyngotympanic tube

What is 4?

nasopharynx

What is 5?

soft palate

What is 6?

inferior concha

The paranasal sinuses include the __________, __________ air cells (anterior, middle, posterior), __________, and __________ sinuses.

frontal, ethmoidal, maxillary, sphenoidal

All paranasal sinuses drain into the __________ __________.

nasal cavities

What is 1?

ethmoid sinsues

What is 2?

sphenoid sinus

What is 3?

maxillary sinuses

What is 4?

frontal sinuses

What is 5?

ethmoid sinuses

What is 6?

sphenoid sinus

What is 7?

maxillary sinuses

What is 1?

ethmoid sinuses

What is 2?

middle concha

What is 3?

inferior concha

What is 4?

maxillary sinus

What is 5?

superior concha

The frontal sinus drains via the __________ __________ into the __________ __________ of the nasal cavity.

frontonasal duct, middle meatus

The anterior ethmoidal air cells drain into the __________ __________ or the __________, while the middle ethmoidal air cells drain onto the __________ __________. The posterior ethmoidal air cells drain onto the __________ wall of the __________ __________ in the nasal cavity.

frontonasal duct, infundibulum, ethmoidal bulla, lateral, superior meatus

where does the maxillary sinus drain?

into __________ __________

into semilunar hiatus

where does the sphenoid sinus drain?

into __________ -__________ __________

into spheno-ethmoidal recess

The frontal sinus is innervated by branches of the __________ nerve (a branch of CN __________), while the ethmoidal sinuses are innervated by branches of the __________ nerve (V1) and orbital branches of CN __________ from the __________ ganglion.

supraorbital, V1, nasociliary, V2, pterygopalatine

The maxillary sinus is innervated by the __________ and __________ branches of CN __________, while the sphenoidal sinus is innervated by the __________ __________ branch of CN __________ and orbital branches of CN __________ from the pterygopalatine ganglion.

infraorbital, alveolar, V2, posterior ethmoidal, V1, V2

An alternative to craniotomy for removing a pituitary tumor is a __________ __________, which involves going under the __________ __________, through the __________ __________, and then through the posterior wall of the __________ __________ to access the pituitary mass.

transsphenoidal hypophysectomy, upper lip, nasal cavity, sphenoid sinus

what has happened to this patient?

bilateral maxillary sinusitis (worse on left than right)

The ostium of the maxillary sinus is located near the __________ part of the sinus, making __________ __________ essential for proper drainage; impaired clearance can lead to __________ __________.

upper, ciliary motility, maxillary sinusitis

The terminal branch of the maxillary artery is the __________ artery, which is the major __________ __________ to the nasal cavity.

sphenopalatine, blood supply

What is 1?

anterior ethmoidal artery

What is 2?

middle concha

What is 3?

posterior ethmoidal artery

What is 4?

superior concha

What is 5?

sphenopalatine artery

What is 6?

posterior lateral nasal branches of sphenopalatine artery

What is 7?

inferior concha

What is 8?

greater palatine artery

What is 9?

alar branch of lateral nasal artery

What is 10?

external nasal artery from anterior ethmoidal artery

What is 1?

septal branch of anterior ethmoidal artery

What is 2?

area of significant anastomoses (prone to nose bleeds)

What is 3?

septal branch from nasal artery from superior labial artery

What is 4?

terminal part of palatine artery

What is 5?

posterior septal branch of sphenopalatine artery

What is 6?

septal branch of posterior ethmoidal artery

The sphenopalatine artery, the largest vessel supplying the nasal cavity, gives rise to two branches: the __________ __________ nasal artery and the __________ __________ artery.

posterior lateral, posterior septal

The greater palatine artery travels from the __________ __________ through the __________ __________ foramen, runs along the roof of the __________ __________, and enters the nasal cavity via the __________ foramen.

pterygopalatine fossa, greater palatine, oral cavity, incisive

what branches of the maxillary a. supply the nasal cavity?

__________ artery, __________ __________ artery

sphenopalatine artery, greater palatine artery

The greater palatine artery is a branch of the __________ artery; it travels from the __________ __________ through the __________ __________ foramen, runs along the roof of the __________ __________, and enters the nasal cavity via the __________ foramen.

maxillary, pterygopalatine fossa, greater palatine, oral cavity, incisive

The anterior ethmoidal artery, a branch of the __________ artery, enters the nasal cavity through a foramen just lateral to the __________ __________ of the __________ bone and gives off a branch to the __________ and a __________ branch.

ophthalmic, crista galli, ethmoid, septum, lateral

The posterior ethmoidal artery, also a branch of the ophthalmic artery, supplies the upper posterior __________ __________ and the __________ of the nasal cavity.

lateral wall, septum

__________ __________ is the site of anterior nosebleeds that are easily stopped by pinching the nose; it is an area of anastomoses of arteries in the __________ __________.

Kiesselbach’s plexus, anterior septum

Blood from the nasal cavity mostly drains posteriorly into the __________ __________ or the __________ __________.

pterygoid plexus, cavernous sinus

Infections from the external nose or nasal cavity can drain back to the __________ __________, potentially leading to __________ __________ __________, a serious late complication.

cavernous sinus, cavernous sinus thrombosis

The maxillofacial death pyramid, also known as the "__________ __________," is significant because infections in this area can spread posteriorly via __________ drainage into the __________ __________, potentially causing __________ __________ thrombosis.

danger zone, venous, cavernous sinus, cavernous sinus

What is this?

maxillofacial death pyramid

What is 1?

anterior ethmoid

What is 2?

olfactory bulb

What is 3?

olfactory nerve (1)

What is 4?

sphenopalatine foramen

What is 5?

posterior superior lateral nasal nerves

What is 6?

posterior inferior lateral nasal nerves

What is 7?

nasal branch of anterior superior alveolar nerve

What is 8?

internal nasal branches of infra-orbital nerve

What is 9?

external nasal branch of anterior ethmoid

What is 1?

olfactory nerve (1) (septal branches)

What is 2?

septal branch of anterior ethmoidal nerve

What is 3?

nasopalatine nerve

Parasympathetic preganglionic axons run in the __________ __________ nerve (CN __________), while postganglionic neurons reside in the __________ __________ ganglion; their secretomotor axons travel with branches of CN __________ that enter the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.

greater petrosal, VII, pterygopalatine, V

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons originate at the spinal cord level __________ and synapse in the __________ __________ ganglion; postganglionic axons travel in the __________ plexus.

T1, superior cervical, carotid

Postganglionic sympathetic axons travel via the __________ __________ nerve, which joins the __________ __________ nerve to form the nerve of the __________ __________; these axons travel with parasympathetics in branches of CN __________ and have __________ function.

deep petrosal, greater petrosal, pterygoid canal, V, vasomotor

where does the nasolacrimal duct drain?

into __________ __________ __________

into inferior nasal meatus

Kiesselbach's plexus is formed by the anastomoses of the septal branches of the __________ __________ and __________ arteries, the __________ artery (from the superior labial artery), and the terminal branch of the __________ __________ artery.

anterior ethmoidal, sphenopalatine, nasal, greater palatine

At the point where the nasal vestibule ends, the __________ __________ epithelium is replaced by __________ __________ __________ __________ epithelium containing __________ cells.

stratified squamous, pseudostratified columnar ciliated, goblet

The embryonic origin of the nasal sinuses is __________ of the __________ __________ of the nasal cavity, also called __________ of the lining of the nasal cavity.

evaginations, mucous membrane, diverticulum

Functions of the nasal cavities include __________ the voice, serving as a site of __________, and helping to __________ the weight of the skull.

resonating, infection, lighten

Posterior nosebleeds account for about __________% of nosebleeds and often require the uncomfortable procedure of __________ __________ for management.

10, nasal packing