BCBA 2
Which describes generalization in which the same response begins to occur in new settings? Coleman was taught to ask for help in a counseling session. Now he asks for help at home, at work, and at the grocery store.
A. Response generalization
B. Stimulus generalization
C. Response maintenance
B. Stimulus generalization
Stimulus Generalization
Same behavior, different situations
Response Generalization
Different response, same situation (The response changed in form from the original behavior taught.)
A(n) ________ definition designates responses in terms of their effect on the environment.Group of answer choices
Observable.
Function-based.
Topography-based.
Ecological.
Function-based.
what is SD?
just signals that reinforcement is avaibale
What is SΔ or s-delta?
just signals that the reinforcement is available
What is single subject design?
When you study the behavior chnage or one person
What is an example of single-subject design?
Reinforcement of stickers as reinforcement (you watch the kid with no stickers, then start giving stickers as reinforcement, stop again
What does UMO stand for?
Unconditioned Motivating Operation.
What does CMO stand for?
Conditioned Motivating Operation
What is the evocative effect?
It is when something makes a behavior happen more right now.
Both MO's and SD have an___________
evocative effect. If you put both of them together, they have a behavior-altering effect
MO (motivating operation)
It makes me want it more?
for multiple baseline designs always start by __________
collecting baseline data, then afterwards start the intervention phase
During the baseline, data should only change during the___________
intervention phase and that is how you establish a functional relationship
You can do multiple baseline designs by requiring the researcher to analyze________
Two behavior settings or people.
An example of multiple baseline designs would be ____________
using the same intervention across two behaviors, two settings or two people
What is IOA?
It is short for interobserver agreement, which means two people are watching the same behavior and checking if they agree on what they see.
IOA helps with the ______________
believability of the data or research. High levels of IOA signifies the belivailbity of the research
What is an operational definition?
it just means that its a clearn and precise detailed definition
When does stimulus control occur?
It occurs when we have some stimulus that controls our behavior, (when our behavior changes)
S delta singnals that ___________
reinforcement is not available
What is an example of S Delta?
A child says “cookie!” when their big sister is in the kitchen, but she doesn't give a cookie.
Stimulus generalization is just ____________
the same behavior with different stimulus.
An example of stimulus generalization is
A child learns to say “dog” when they see the family’s brown dog. Later, they also say “dog” when they see a black dog, a small dog, or a cartoon dog.
Goal of generlization and maintinance is to ____________
develop meaningful behavior outcomes in new situations, new people and across significant period of time
So, what is response generalization?
The topography of the behavior changes
A lot of our kiddos understand some concepts and others___________
If we don't do maintinace, we lose those skills. That is why we do 6-month progress checks.
Stimuli generalization is ___________
different stimuli presented but same behavior occurs
Stimuli discrimination is__________
different stimuli presented and different behavior occurs
What is single-subject design?
It is when the researchers study the behavior change of one person
A variation of the multiple baseline design that features intermittent measures, or probes, during baseline, used to evaluate the effects of instruction on skill sequences in which it is unlikely that the subject can improve performance on later steps in the sequence before learning prior steps.
Select one answer
a) multiple probe design
b) delayed multiple baseline design
c) reversal design
d) multiple baseline design
a) multiple probe design
An experimental design that begins with the concurrent measurement of two or more behaviors in a baseline condition, followed by the application of the treatment variable to one of the behaviors while baseline conditions remain in effect for the other behavior(s). Select one answer
a) delayed multiple baseline design
b) reversal design
c) multiple baseline design
d) multiple probe design
c) multiple baseline design
An experimental design that consists of a related series of A-B sequences conducted across participants at different points in time.
Select one answer
a) Nonconcurrent multiple baseline across participants design
b) reversal design
c) withdrawal design
d) multi-element design
A nonconcurrent multiple baseline across participants design:
A form of direct, continuous observation in which the observer records a descriptive, temporally sequenced account of all behavior(s) of interest and the antecedent conditions and consequences for those behaviors as those events occur in the client's natural environment.
Select one answer
a) time sampling
b) ABC recording
c) event recording
d) partial-intervention recording
b) ABC recording
An inventory that provides descriptions of different skills (usually in hierarchical order) and the conditions under which each skill should be observed.
Select one answer
a) behavioral assessment
b) behavior checklist
c) celeration time period
d) task analysis
b) behavior checklist
A form of evaluation that involves a full range of inquiry methods to identify problematic antecedent and consequent controlling variables.
Select one answer
a) behavioral assessment
b) temporal assessment
c) sequential assessment
d) artifact
a) behavioral assessment
Any operant whose response rate is controlled by a given opportunity to complete the response.
Select one answer
a) artifact
b) free operant
c) discrete trial
d) celeration
c) discrete trial
An assessment protocol that acknowledges complex interrelationships between environment and behavior.
Select one answer
a) relevance of behavior rule
b) ecological assessment
c) event recording
d) behavioral assessment
b) ecological assessment
ecological assessment
Recognizes the complex interrelationships between the individual’s behavior and multiple environmental variables.
Any operant behavior that results in minimal displacement of the participant in time and space.
Select one answer
a) frequency trial
b) discrete trial
c) free operant
d) duration
c) free operant
An observation setting that is not part of the client's normal daily routine.
Select one answer
a) analogue setting
b) unnatural setting
c) natural setting
d) variable setting
a) analogue setting
An analogue setting is an
observation environment that is artificial or arranged, not part of the client’s typical daily routine or natural environment.
An action that has sudden and dramatic consequences that extend well beyond the idiosyncratic change itself, because it exposes the person to new environments, reinforcers, contingencies, responses, and stimulus controls.
Select one answer
a) pivotal behavior
b) behavioral cusp
c) response latency
d) topography
b) behavioral cusp
A behavioral cusp is a behavior that
Once learned, opens the door to lots of new opportunities for learning and experiences. It’s like a key behavior that helps a person access new places, people, activities, or skills they couldn’t before.
An adjustment that occurs when a person's repertoire has been changed such that short- and long-term reinforcers are maximized, and long- and short-term punishers are minimized.
Select one answer
a) duration
b) covariation
c) habilitation
d) magnitude
c) habilitation
Which of the following is a conditioned reinforcer?
Group of answer choices
Food.
Money and tokens.
Sleep.
All of these are conditioned reinforcers
Money and tokens.
What is the advantage of using generalized conditioned reinforcers?
Group of answer choices
They are less susceptible to satiation, because they can be exchanged for a wide variety of other reinforcers.
They are easier for children to obtain than other forms of reinforcement.
They are negative reinforcers, which are more powerful than positive reinforcers.
None of these are advantages of generalized reinforcers.
They are less susceptible to satiation, because they can be exchanged for a wide variety of other reinforcers.
Which is true?
Group of answer choices
A. Unconditioned negative reinforcers must be related to our inherited capacity to respond to them (for example, aversive, painful stimuli), and conditioned negative reinforcers must be stimuli that were originally neutral events that acquired their effects through previous pairing with existing negative reinforcers.
B. Conditioned negative reinforcers must be related to our inherited capacity to respond to them (for example, aversive, painful stimuli), and unconditioned negative reinforcers must be stimuli that were originally neutral events that acquired their effects through previous pairing with existing negative reinforcers.
C. Joey forgot to clean his room before leaving for school. When he returned from school in the afternoon, he quickly cleaned his room before his mother came home to avoid a reprimand from her. A reprimand, in this case, can be considered an unconditioned negative reinforcer.
D.An aversive stimulus cannot function as both a negative reinforcer and a punisher.
A. Unconditioned negative reinforcers must be related to our inherited capacity to respond to them (for example, aversive, painful stimuli), and conditioned negative reinforcers must be stimuli that were originally neutral events that acquired their effects through previous pairing with existing negative reinforcers.
Continuous reinforcement provides a reinforcer for:
Every second response.
One response only.
Each occurrence of behavior.
The first response, then non-contingently, or discontinuously, thereafter.
Each occurrence of behavior.
Behavior analysts use intermittent reinforcement to:
Build skill acquisition.
Weaken established behaviors.
Strengthen new behaviors.
Maintain established behaviors.
Maintain established behaviors.
A major goal of most behavior change programs is the development of:
Group of answer choices
Naturally occurring activities.
Stimuli.
Events to function as reinforcement.
All of these.
All of these.
The variable ratio schedule of reinforcement tends to produce:
A quick rate of response.
A slow rate of response.
A suspended rate of response.
No rate of response.
A quick rate of response.
A fixed interval schedule typically produces a __________ in responding during the early part of the interval.
Group of answer choices
Rapid increase.
Rapid decrease.
Post-punishment delay.
Post-reinforcement pause.
Post-reinforcement pause. So, after reinforcement, there's often a pause before responding picks up again.
Post-reinforcement pauses are typically associated with
fixed ratio (FR) or fixed interval (FI) schedules, not variable ratio (VR) schedules.
Which is true?
Group of answer choices
A post-reinforcement pause is typically associated with a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement.
A variable interval schedule of reinforcement tends to produce a constant, stable rate of response.
Ineffective methods for thinning schedules of reinforcement are: gradually increasing the response ratio or the duration of the time interval.
Ratio strain can result from abrupt decreases in ratio requirements when moving from denser to thinner reinforcement schedules.
A variable interval schedule of reinforcement tends to produce a constant, stable rate of response.
Variable Interval (VI) schedules deliver reinforcement after varying amounts of time, producing
a steady, moderate, and consistent response rate.
Which schedule of reinforcement consists of two or more elements of continuous reinforcement (CRF), the four intermittent schedules of reinforcement (FR, VR, FI, VI), differential reinforcement of various rates of responding (DRH, DRL), and extinction?
Compound schedules of reinforcement.
Conjunctive schedules of reinforcement.
Both answers presented here are correct.
None of these answers are correct.
Compound schedules of reinforcement.
Compound schedules of reinforcement involve the
combination of two or more simple schedules (like CRF, FR, VR, FI, VI, DRH, DRL, and extinction) in various ways.
Conjunctive schedules are a specific type of
compound schedule where two or more schedules must be met before reinforcement is delivered.
Which schedule of reinforcement presents the reinforcer at the end of a predetermined interval, contingent on the number of responses emitted during the interval being greater than a gradually increasing criterion based on the individual's performance in previous intervals?
Variable ratio.
Variable interval
DRL.
DRH.
DRH (Differential Reinforcement of High rates of responding).
DRL (Differential Reinforcement of Low rates) reinforces
low rates of responding, the opposite of DRH.
Example of DRL (Differential Reinforcement of Low rates) reinforces
A kid keeps asking for snacks too often. Mom wants to reduce how often the kid asks but doesn’t want to stop the requests completely.
When the frequency of a time-filling behavior increases as a side effect of other behaviors maintained by a schedule for reinforcement (also known as schedule-induced behavior), this is described as:
Adjunctive behaviors
DRL.
DRH
Both DRL and DRH.
Adjunctive behaviors
Behavioral consistency is a phenomenon in which the change in one component of a multiple schedule that increases or decreases the rate of responding on that component is accompanied by a change in the response rate in the opposite direction on the other, unaltered component of the schedule.
Group of answer choices
True.
False.
True
All the reinforcement schedules that are in effect for a person's behavior at one time are referred to as ______________ schedules of reinforcement.
Group of answer choices
Concurrent.
Overlapping.
Simultaneous.
Mixed.
Concurrent.
Continuous Reinforcement (CRF) is typically used during the ________
initial acquisition phase of a skill to establish the behavior because it provides reinforcement every time the behavior occurs, helping the learner quickly make the connection. Once the skill is acquired, other schedules of reinforcement are often used to maintain the behavior.
Which schedule of reinforcement occurs when two or more contingencies of reinforcement operate independently and simultaneously for two or more behaviors?
Group of answer choices
Intermittent reinforcement.
Concurrent schedules of reinforcement.
Continuous reinforcement.
Variable schedules of reinforcement.
Concurrent schedules of reinforcement.
Which schedule of reinforcement produces a post-reinforcement pause?
Fixed ratio.
Tandem schedules of reinforcement.
Continuous reinforcement.
Variable interval schedules of reinforcement.
Fixed ratio.
Behavior controlled by verbal statements rather than direct experience are called what?
Group of answer choices
Rule-governed
Contingency-shaped
Unlearned
Rule-governed