front 1 Which describes generalization in which the same response begins to occur in new settings? Coleman was taught to ask for help in a counseling session. Now he asks for help at home, at work, and at the grocery store. A. Response generalization B. Stimulus generalization C. Response maintenance | back 1 B. Stimulus generalization |
front 2 Stimulus Generalization | back 2 Same behavior, different situations |
front 3 Response Generalization | back 3 Different response, same situation (The response changed in form from the original behavior taught.) |
front 4 A(n) ________ definition designates responses in terms of their effect on the environment.Group of answer choices Observable. Function-based. Topography-based. Ecological. | back 4 Function-based. |
front 5 what is SD? | back 5 just signals that reinforcement is avaibale |
front 6 What is SΔ or s-delta? | back 6 just signals that the reinforcement is available |
front 7 What is single subject design? | back 7 When you study the behavior chnage or one person |
front 8 What is an example of single-subject design? | back 8 Reinforcement of stickers as reinforcement (you watch the kid with no stickers, then start giving stickers as reinforcement, stop again |
front 9 What does UMO stand for? | back 9 Unconditioned Motivating Operation. |
front 10 What does CMO stand for? | back 10 Conditioned Motivating Operation |
front 11 What is the evocative effect? | back 11 It is when something makes a behavior happen more right now. |
front 12 Both MO's and SD have an___________ | back 12 evocative effect. If you put both of them together, they have a behavior-altering effect |
front 13 MO (motivating operation) | back 13 It makes me want it more? |
front 14 for multiple baseline designs always start by __________ | back 14 collecting baseline data, then afterwards start the intervention phase |
front 15 During the baseline, data should only change during the___________ | back 15 intervention phase and that is how you establish a functional relationship |
front 16 You can do multiple baseline designs by requiring the researcher to analyze________ | back 16 Two behavior settings or people. |
front 17 An example of multiple baseline designs would be ____________ | back 17 using the same intervention across two behaviors, two settings or two people |
front 18 What is IOA? | back 18 It is short for interobserver agreement, which means two people are watching the same behavior and checking if they agree on what they see. |
front 19 IOA helps with the ______________ | back 19 believability of the data or research. High levels of IOA signifies the belivailbity of the research |
front 20 What is an operational definition? | back 20 it just means that its a clearn and precise detailed definition |
front 21 When does stimulus control occur? | back 21 It occurs when we have some stimulus that controls our behavior, (when our behavior changes) |
front 22 S delta singnals that ___________ | back 22 reinforcement is not available |
front 23 What is an example of S Delta? | back 23 A child says “cookie!” when their big sister is in the kitchen, but she doesn't give a cookie. |
front 24 Stimulus generalization is just ____________ | back 24 the same behavior with different stimulus. |
front 25 An example of stimulus generalization is | back 25 A child learns to say “dog” when they see the family’s brown dog. Later, they also say “dog” when they see a black dog, a small dog, or a cartoon dog. |
front 26 Goal of generlization and maintinance is to ____________ | back 26 develop meaningful behavior outcomes in new situations, new people and across significant period of time |
front 27 So, what is response generalization? | back 27 The topography of the behavior changes |
front 28 A lot of our kiddos understand some concepts and others___________ | back 28 If we don't do maintinace, we lose those skills. That is why we do 6-month progress checks. |
front 29 Stimuli generalization is ___________ | back 29 different stimuli presented but same behavior occurs |
front 30 Stimuli discrimination is__________ | back 30 different stimuli presented and different behavior occurs |
front 31 What is single-subject design? | back 31 It is when the researchers study the behavior change of one person |
front 32 A variation of the multiple baseline design that features intermittent measures, or probes, during baseline, used to evaluate the effects of instruction on skill sequences in which it is unlikely that the subject can improve performance on later steps in the sequence before learning prior steps. Select one answer a) multiple probe design b) delayed multiple baseline design c) reversal design d) multiple baseline design | back 32 a) multiple probe design |
front 33 An experimental design that begins with the concurrent measurement of two or more behaviors in a baseline condition, followed by the application of the treatment variable to one of the behaviors while baseline conditions remain in effect for the other behavior(s). Select one answer a) delayed multiple baseline design b) reversal design c) multiple baseline design d) multiple probe design | back 33 c) multiple baseline design |
front 34 An experimental design that consists of a related series of A-B sequences conducted across participants at different points in time. Select one answer a) Nonconcurrent multiple baseline across participants design b) reversal design c) withdrawal design d) multi-element design | back 34 A nonconcurrent multiple baseline across participants design: |
front 35 A form of direct, continuous observation in which the observer records a descriptive, temporally sequenced account of all behavior(s) of interest and the antecedent conditions and consequences for those behaviors as those events occur in the client's natural environment. Select one answer a) time sampling b) ABC recording c) event recording d) partial-intervention recording | back 35 b) ABC recording |
front 36 An inventory that provides descriptions of different skills (usually in hierarchical order) and the conditions under which each skill should be observed. Select one answer a) behavioral assessment b) behavior checklist c) celeration time period d) task analysis | back 36 b) behavior checklist |
front 37 A form of evaluation that involves a full range of inquiry methods to identify problematic antecedent and consequent controlling variables. Select one answer a) behavioral assessment b) temporal assessment c) sequential assessment d) artifact | back 37 a) behavioral assessment |
front 38 Any operant whose response rate is controlled by a given opportunity to complete the response. Select one answer a) artifact b) free operant c) discrete trial d) celeration | back 38 c) discrete trial |
front 39 An assessment protocol that acknowledges complex interrelationships between environment and behavior. Select one answer a) relevance of behavior rule b) ecological assessment c) event recording d) behavioral assessment | back 39 b) ecological assessment |
front 40 ecological assessment | back 40 Recognizes the complex interrelationships between the individual’s behavior and multiple environmental variables. |
front 41 Any operant behavior that results in minimal displacement of the participant in time and space. Select one answer a) frequency trial b) discrete trial c) free operant d) duration | back 41 c) free operant |
front 42 An observation setting that is not part of the client's normal daily routine. Select one answer a) analogue setting b) unnatural setting c) natural setting d) variable setting | back 42 a) analogue setting |
front 43 An analogue setting is an | back 43 observation environment that is artificial or arranged, not part of the client’s typical daily routine or natural environment. |
front 44 An action that has sudden and dramatic consequences that extend well beyond the idiosyncratic change itself, because it exposes the person to new environments, reinforcers, contingencies, responses, and stimulus controls. Select one answer a) pivotal behavior b) behavioral cusp c) response latency d) topography | back 44 b) behavioral cusp |
front 45 A behavioral cusp is a behavior that | back 45 Once learned, opens the door to lots of new opportunities for learning and experiences. It’s like a key behavior that helps a person access new places, people, activities, or skills they couldn’t before. |
front 46 An adjustment that occurs when a person's repertoire has been changed such that short- and long-term reinforcers are maximized, and long- and short-term punishers are minimized. Select one answer a) duration b) covariation c) habilitation d) magnitude | back 46 c) habilitation |
front 47 Which of the following is a conditioned reinforcer? Group of answer choices Food. Money and tokens. Sleep. All of these are conditioned reinforcers | back 47 Money and tokens. |
front 48 What is the advantage of using generalized conditioned reinforcers? Group of answer choices They are less susceptible to satiation, because they can be exchanged for a wide variety of other reinforcers. They are easier for children to obtain than other forms of reinforcement. They are negative reinforcers, which are more powerful than positive reinforcers. None of these are advantages of generalized reinforcers. | back 48 They are less susceptible to satiation, because they can be exchanged for a wide variety of other reinforcers. |
front 49 Which is true? Group of answer choices A. Unconditioned negative reinforcers must be related to our inherited capacity to respond to them (for example, aversive, painful stimuli), and conditioned negative reinforcers must be stimuli that were originally neutral events that acquired their effects through previous pairing with existing negative reinforcers. B. Conditioned negative reinforcers must be related to our inherited capacity to respond to them (for example, aversive, painful stimuli), and unconditioned negative reinforcers must be stimuli that were originally neutral events that acquired their effects through previous pairing with existing negative reinforcers. C. Joey forgot to clean his room before leaving for school. When he returned from school in the afternoon, he quickly cleaned his room before his mother came home to avoid a reprimand from her. A reprimand, in this case, can be considered an unconditioned negative reinforcer. D.An aversive stimulus cannot function as both a negative reinforcer and a punisher. | back 49 A. Unconditioned negative reinforcers must be related to our inherited capacity to respond to them (for example, aversive, painful stimuli), and conditioned negative reinforcers must be stimuli that were originally neutral events that acquired their effects through previous pairing with existing negative reinforcers. |
front 50 Continuous reinforcement provides a reinforcer for: Every second response. One response only. Each occurrence of behavior. The first response, then non-contingently, or discontinuously, thereafter. | back 50 Each occurrence of behavior. |
front 51 Behavior analysts use intermittent reinforcement to: Build skill acquisition. Weaken established behaviors. Strengthen new behaviors. Maintain established behaviors. | back 51 Maintain established behaviors. |
front 52 A major goal of most behavior change programs is the development of: Group of answer choices Naturally occurring activities. Stimuli. Events to function as reinforcement. All of these. | back 52 All of these. |
front 53 The variable ratio schedule of reinforcement tends to produce: A quick rate of response. A slow rate of response. A suspended rate of response. No rate of response. | back 53 A quick rate of response. |
front 54 A fixed interval schedule typically produces a __________ in responding during the early part of the interval. Group of answer choices Rapid increase. Rapid decrease. Post-punishment delay. Post-reinforcement pause. | back 54 Post-reinforcement pause. So, after reinforcement, there's often a pause before responding picks up again. |
front 55 Post-reinforcement pauses are typically associated with | back 55 fixed ratio (FR) or fixed interval (FI) schedules, not variable ratio (VR) schedules. |
front 56 Which is true? Group of answer choices A post-reinforcement pause is typically associated with a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement. A variable interval schedule of reinforcement tends to produce a constant, stable rate of response. Ineffective methods for thinning schedules of reinforcement are: gradually increasing the response ratio or the duration of the time interval. Ratio strain can result from abrupt decreases in ratio requirements when moving from denser to thinner reinforcement schedules. | back 56 A variable interval schedule of reinforcement tends to produce a constant, stable rate of response. |
front 57 Variable Interval (VI) schedules deliver reinforcement after varying amounts of time, producing | back 57 a steady, moderate, and consistent response rate. |
front 58 Which schedule of reinforcement consists of two or more elements of continuous reinforcement (CRF), the four intermittent schedules of reinforcement (FR, VR, FI, VI), differential reinforcement of various rates of responding (DRH, DRL), and extinction? Compound schedules of reinforcement. Conjunctive schedules of reinforcement. Both answers presented here are correct. None of these answers are correct. | back 58 Compound schedules of reinforcement. |
front 59 Compound schedules of reinforcement involve the | back 59 combination of two or more simple schedules (like CRF, FR, VR, FI, VI, DRH, DRL, and extinction) in various ways. |
front 60 Conjunctive schedules are a specific type of | back 60 compound schedule where two or more schedules must be met before reinforcement is delivered. |
front 61 Which schedule of reinforcement presents the reinforcer at the end of a predetermined interval, contingent on the number of responses emitted during the interval being greater than a gradually increasing criterion based on the individual's performance in previous intervals? Variable ratio. Variable interval DRL. DRH. | back 61 DRH (Differential Reinforcement of High rates of responding). |
front 62 DRL (Differential Reinforcement of Low rates) reinforces | back 62 low rates of responding, the opposite of DRH. |
front 63 Example of DRL (Differential Reinforcement of Low rates) reinforces | back 63 A kid keeps asking for snacks too often. Mom wants to reduce how often the kid asks but doesn’t want to stop the requests completely.
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front 64 When the frequency of a time-filling behavior increases as a side effect of other behaviors maintained by a schedule for reinforcement (also known as schedule-induced behavior), this is described as: Adjunctive behaviors DRL. DRH Both DRL and DRH. | back 64 Adjunctive behaviors |
front 65 Behavioral consistency is a phenomenon in which the change in one component of a multiple schedule that increases or decreases the rate of responding on that component is accompanied by a change in the response rate in the opposite direction on the other, unaltered component of the schedule. Group of answer choices True. False. | back 65 True |
front 66 All the reinforcement schedules that are in effect for a person's behavior at one time are referred to as ______________ schedules of reinforcement. Group of answer choices Concurrent. Overlapping. Simultaneous. Mixed. | back 66 Concurrent. |
front 67 Continuous Reinforcement (CRF) is typically used during the ________ | back 67 initial acquisition phase of a skill to establish the behavior because it provides reinforcement every time the behavior occurs, helping the learner quickly make the connection. Once the skill is acquired, other schedules of reinforcement are often used to maintain the behavior. |
front 68 Which schedule of reinforcement occurs when two or more contingencies of reinforcement operate independently and simultaneously for two or more behaviors? Group of answer choices Intermittent reinforcement. Concurrent schedules of reinforcement. Continuous reinforcement. Variable schedules of reinforcement. | back 68 Concurrent schedules of reinforcement. |
front 69 Which schedule of reinforcement produces a post-reinforcement pause? Fixed ratio. Tandem schedules of reinforcement. Continuous reinforcement. Variable interval schedules of reinforcement. | back 69 Fixed ratio. |
front 70 Behavior controlled by verbal statements rather than direct experience are called what? Group of answer choices Rule-governed Contingency-shaped Unlearned | back 70 Rule-governed |