Organ, Tissue, and Cell Types in Plants:

Different types of structures found in plants, each with specific functions and adaptations.

Plant Growth and Lifecycles:

The process by which plants grow and the different categories of their lifecycles.

Meristems:

Regions of plant growth located at the tips of roots and shoots, responsible for primary growth.

Primary and Secondary Growth:

Types of plant growth; primary growth increases length, while secondary growth increases girth.

Growth, Morphogenesis, and Cell Differentiation:

Processes involved in plant development

Cell Division and Polarity:

The role of cell division in establishing plant polarity and the importance of asymmetrical cell division.

Flower Development and ABC Hypothesis:

The process of flower formation and the role of ABC genes

Plant Resources and Acquisition:

The resources plants need and how they acquire them.

Apoplast and Symplast:

Pathways for transport within plants.

Transport Routes in Plants:

Major routes for nutrient and water transport.

Xylem and Phloem:

Structures involved in transport, with xylem transporting water and phloem transporting nutrients.

Water Potential:

The potential energy of water in a system, important for water movement.

Xylem Sap Movement:

The process of moving xylem sap, involving adhesion and cohesion.

Stomata and Guard Cells:

Structures involved in gas exchange and their function

Phloem Sap Movement:

The process of moving phloem sap through positive pressure

Soil Properties and Plant Growth:

How soil type affects plant growth

Soil Components:

Major organic and inorganic components of soil

Intensive Agriculture vs. Soil Conservation:

Issues associated with different agricultural practices

Essential Elements:

Macro- and micronutrients required by plants

Mutualistic Relationships with Soil Organisms:

Types of relationships plants form with soil organisms.

Nitrogen Cycle and Bacteria:

The role of bacteria in the nitrogen cycle, including nitrogen fixation and nitrification.

Mycorrhizae:

Symbiotic associations between fungi and plant roots.

Non-Mutualistic Associations:

Types of feeding relationships plants form with other organisms.

Flower Parts and Arrangement:

Major parts of a flower and their arrangement.

Angiosperm Lifecycle:

Steps in the lifecycle of angiosperms, including alternation of generations

3 F’s of Angiosperm Lifecycle:

Flower, fruit, and fertilization.

Pollination Methods:

Main methods of pollination.

Seed Development Stages:

Stages required for a seed to develop into a flowering plant.

Fruit Formation and Role:

How fruits are formed and their role.

Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction:

Advantages and disadvantages of different reproductive strategies.

Self-Fertilization Prevention:

Mechanisms plants use to prevent self-fertilization.

Environmental Sensing and Signal Transduction:

How plants sense their environment and the importance of signal transduction pathways.

Plant Hormones (Auxin, Abscisic Acid, Ethylene):

Importance of these compounds for plants.

Light Sensing and Response:

How plants sense and respond to light

Response to External Stimuli:

How plants respond to various external cues.

Defense Mechanisms:

How plants defend themselves against pathogens and herbivores.

Thorn:

A sharp, modified stem.

Stem Branch:

A secondary stem growing from the main stem.

Flower:

The reproductive structure of angiosperms.

Branch Root:

A secondary root growing from the main root.

Lignin:

A complex organic polymer found in the cell walls of woody plants.

Decreased Water Loss:

A selective advantage of small leaves in arid environments.

Tracheid:

A type of water-conducting cell in the xylem.

Cell Elongation:

The primary driver of plant growth.

Petal-Petal-Stamen-Stamen:

Flower structure based on the ABC hypothesis with normal expression of genes A and C and expression of gene B in all four whorls.

Vascular Cambium:

The origin of additional vascular tissue in secondary growth.

Indeterminate Growth:

Growth that is not terminated, typical of most plant structures except flowers.

Higher Stomatal Density:

A factor that tends to increase transpiration.

Cohesion of Water Molecules:

The sticking together of water molecules, important for long-distance transport in plants.

Negative Water Potential:

A condition where water potential is lower than zero, driving water movement in plants.

Root Parenchyma:

Plant cells in roots involved in storage and transport.

Active Transport of Solutes:

The movement of solutes against a concentration gradient, requiring energy

Bulk Flow from Source to Sink:

The movement of substances from areas of high concentration to low concentration.

Wilting:

The loss of rigidity in plants due to water loss.

Phyllotaxy:

The arrangement of leaves on a stem.

Closing of Stomata:

Reduces water loss but also reduces photosynthesis.

Direction of Phloem Sap Flow:

Phloem sap can flow from leaves to roots or roots to leaves

Mycorrhizal Fungi

Fungi that increase root access to water and minerals.

Water Potential:

The potential energy of water in a system.

Pressure Potential:

The physical pressure on water in plant cells.

Transpiration:

The loss of water from the aerial parts of plants.

Negative Pressure through Evaporation:

The main force driving water within xylem vessels.

Soil Composition:

The best composition for nutrient, water, and air availability for root development.

Soil Oxygen Availability:

Soils with large amounts of clay provide the least oxygen to growing roots.

Macronutrients and Micronutrients:

Classified based on the quantities required by plants.

Leaching:

The loss of nutrients from the soil, more likely for negatively charged anions.

Micronutrients:

Needed in small amounts because they serve mainly as cofactors of enzymes.

Nitrogen Fixation:

The conversion of nitrogen gas into ammonia.

Symbiotic Relationship Benefits:

Plants receive water and phosphorus; fungi receive photosynthetic products.

Carnivorous Plants:

Trap and digest small animals to supplement nitrogen and other minerals.

Flower Structure:

Order from outside to inside: Sepal, Petal, Stamen, Carpel.

Pollination Systems:

Wind pollination is less efficient than animal-assisted pollination.

Alternation of Generations:

Meiosis produces gametes.

Pollination:

The delivery of pollen to the stigma of a carpel.

Seed Development:

The ovule develops into a seed.

Asexual Reproduction:

Increased success of progeny in a stable environment.

Double Fertilization:

One sperm fertilizes the egg, and a second sperm fertilizes the polar nuclei

Seed Germination:

Water is taken up by cells of the seed coat.

Ethylene:

A chemical that speeds up ripening.

Phototropism and Gravitropism:

Shoots grow vertically toward the sun, positive for phototropism and negative for gravitropism.

Ethylene Production Sites:

Highest in ripening fruit.

Abscisic Acid:

Involved in drought resistance and seed dormancy.

I, II, IV, and V:

Important components of the long-distance transport process in plants.

Closing of Stomata:

Reduces water loss by transpiration but also reduces photosynthesis.

From Leaves to Roots or Roots to Leaves:

Direction phloem sap can flow.

Water and Minerals:

Increased root access by mycorrhizal fungi.

Pressure Potential Increase:

Likely outcome when isolated plant cells with a water potential of -0.5 MPa are placed into a solution with a water potential of -0.3 MPa.

Negative Pressure through Evaporation:

Main force driving water within xylem vessels.

Equal Amounts of Sand, Clay, and Silt:

Best soil composition for availability of nutrients, water, and air for root development.

Clay:

Soil component providing the least amount of oxygen to growing roots.

Negatively Charged Anions:

More likely to leach from the soil.

Quantities Required by Plants:

Criteria for classifying chemicals into macronutrients and micronutrients.

Cofactors of Enzymes:

Reason micronutrients are needed in small amounts.

Converts Nitrogen Gas into Ammonia:

Best description of nitrogen fixation.

Water and Phosphorus:

Benefits received by plants from mycorrhizal fungi.

Nitrogen and Other Minerals:

Products of digestion by carnivorous plants.

III, IV, II, I:

Correct order of flower parts from outside to inside.

Wind Pollination is Less Efficient:

Indication about pollination systems.

Meiosis Produces Gametes:

Occurs during alternation of generations in plants.

Pollination:

Delivery of pollen to the stigma of a carpel.

Ovule:

Flower part that develops into a seed.

Increased Success of Progeny in a Stable Environment:

Evolutionary advantage of asexual reproduction in plants.

One Sperm Fertilizes the Egg, and a Second Sperm Fertilizes the Polar Nuclei:

Definition of double fertilization.

Water is Taken Up by Cells of the Seed Coat:

Process occurring earliest when seed germination begins.

Ethylene:

Chemical that speeds up ripening of tomatoes.

Positive for Phototropism and Negative for Gravitropism:

Characterization of shoots growing vertically toward the sun.

Ripening Fruit:

Site of highest ethylene production in plants.

Drought Resistance and Seed Dormancy:

Involvement of abscisic acid.

Blue Light Response:

Plants grow toward light and redistribute chloroplasts to the sunny side of each cell to maximize light absorption for photosynthesis.

Seed Planting Depth:

Some seeds need to be covered with only a thin layer of soil because light is required to germinate these seeds.

Systemic Acquired Resistance:

A generalized defense response in organs distant from the site of infection, involving salicylic acid.

Organ-Level Defense:

Leaves modified into spines as a defense against herbivory.

Maximizes Light Absorption by Chloroplasts for Photosynthesis:

The adaptive advantage of moving chloroplasts to the sunny side of each cell upon exposure to blue light.

Light is Required to Germinate These Seeds:

The most likely reason some seeds are to be covered with only a thin layer of soil after planting.

Systemic Acquired Resistance:

The term describing a generalized defense response in organs distant from the site of infection, involving salicylic acid.

Organ-Level Defense:

The term for leaves modified into spines as a defense against herbivory.