Primase

enzyme that lays down an RNA primer on both the leading and lagging strands during replication

DNA polymerase

enzyme that adds or "zips up" nucleotides to both leading and lagging strands of DNA during replication,

Primer

starting point of replication on both leading and lagging strand with temporary RNA nucleotides, this will be replaced with actual DNA nucleotides by DNA polymerase

semi-conservative

term to describe how DNA replication is one new strand with one original strand

What did Watson and Crick discover?

structure of DNA (with the help of Franklin)

anti-parallel

term to describe how the DNA strands run opposite direction

termination signal

place on the DNA where transcription stops

Where does both replication and transcription occur?

nucleoplasm (in nucleus)

ligase

enzyme that "seals up" spaces between Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand during replication

Okazaki fragments

chunks/pieces of replication on the lagging strand

3 steps of transcription

initiation, elongation, termination

start codon

AUG

What is the shape of Watson and Crick model of DNA ?

double helix

What is the sugar in DNA?

Deoxyribose

Promoter

place on DNA where transcription starts

The order of nitrogen bases in DNA determines the order of what in proteins?

AA

anti-codon

3 nitrogen base code on the tRNA,

Nucleotide

a building block of DNA or RNA (nucleic acids)

phosphodiester covalent

strong bonds in DNA on the sides

sequence

the order of nucleotides in DNA or RNA or the order of amino acids in a protein.

ribose

the sugar of RNA

Transcription

the process of giving DNA's information to mRNA

Translation

the process that turns the RNA language into the protein language by the mRNA and tRNA meeting up at the rRNA ribosome

Central dogma

the concept that genetic information encoded in DNA is transcribed to mRNA. Then the mRNA moves to the ribosome where the information is translated into the amino acid sequnce of a protein (DNA->RNA->Protein).

AA

a building block of proteins

Mutation

a change in the nucleotide base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule.

codon

The three-nucleotide sequence on mRNA

helicase

enzyme that unzips strands of DNA by breaking H bonds during replication

single-stranded binding proteins

their job is to keep the 2 strands of DNA separated while replication occurs

RNA polymerase

enzyme that both unzips AND zips up during transcription

gene

A stretch of chromosome/DNA that codes for a trait

A nucleotide consists

a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen base

replication

The process by which DNA makes a copy of itsel

dipeptide

two amino acids bonded together after translation

polypeptide chain

3 or more amino acids

3 main processes in this chapter

replication, transcription, translation

orientation of twist of DNA helix

right-handed turn

purines

adenine and guanine; 2 rings of carbon

pyrimidines

cytosine and thymine; 1 ring of carbon

replication fork

the Y-shaped region that results when the 2 strands separate

replication origin bubbles

several points along DNA double-strands that replicate at the same time (to save time)

mRNA

first type of RNA that carries the instructions from DNA to the ribosome to make a protein

rRNA

part of the stucture of ribosome, which is an organelle where protein synthesis occurs

tRNA

third type of RNA that transfers amino acids to the ribosome to make a protein

genome

the complete genetic material contained in an individual

hydrogen bond

weak bonds in DNA in the middle

Rosalind Franklin

Woman who generated x-ray images of DNA, she povided Watson and Crick with key data about DNA

Watson and Crick

discovered the structure of DNA

leading strand

in replication, the new DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand toward the replication fork in the mandatory 5' to 3' direction

lagging strand

in replication, the strand that is synthesized in fragments using individual sections

What are the two steps of protein synthesis?

transcription and translation

3 stop codons

UAA, UAG, UGA

start codon

place on mRNA that starts translation

stop codon

place on mRNA that stops translation

Where does translation occur?

ribosome

topoisomerase

enzyme that unwinds/untwists the strands of DNA during replication