front 1 Primase | back 1 enzyme that lays down an RNA primer on both the leading and lagging strands during replication |
front 2 DNA polymerase | back 2 enzyme that adds or "zips up" nucleotides to both leading and lagging strands of DNA during replication, |
front 3 Primer | back 3 starting point of replication on both leading and lagging strand with temporary RNA nucleotides, this will be replaced with actual DNA nucleotides by DNA polymerase |
front 4 semi-conservative | back 4 term to describe how DNA replication is one new strand with one original strand |
front 5 What did Watson and Crick discover? | back 5 structure of DNA (with the help of Franklin) |
front 6 anti-parallel | back 6 term to describe how the DNA strands run opposite direction |
front 7 termination signal | back 7 place on the DNA where transcription stops |
front 8 Where does both replication and transcription occur? | back 8 nucleoplasm (in nucleus) |
front 9 ligase | back 9 enzyme that "seals up" spaces between Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand during replication |
front 10 Okazaki fragments | back 10 chunks/pieces of replication on the lagging strand |
front 11 3 steps of transcription | back 11 initiation, elongation, termination |
front 12 start codon | back 12 AUG |
front 13 What is the shape of Watson and Crick model of DNA ? | back 13 double helix |
front 14 What is the sugar in DNA? | back 14 Deoxyribose |
front 15 Promoter | back 15 place on DNA where transcription starts |
front 16 The order of nitrogen bases in DNA determines the order of what in proteins? | back 16 AA |
front 17 anti-codon | back 17 3 nitrogen base code on the tRNA, |
front 18 Nucleotide | back 18 a building block of DNA or RNA (nucleic acids) |
front 19 phosphodiester covalent | back 19 strong bonds in DNA on the sides |
front 20 sequence | back 20 the order of nucleotides in DNA or RNA or the order of amino acids in a protein. |
front 21 ribose | back 21 the sugar of RNA |
front 22 Transcription | back 22 the process of giving DNA's information to mRNA |
front 23 Translation | back 23 the process that turns the RNA language into the protein language by the mRNA and tRNA meeting up at the rRNA ribosome |
front 24 Central dogma | back 24 the concept that genetic information encoded in DNA is transcribed to mRNA. Then the mRNA moves to the ribosome where the information is translated into the amino acid sequnce of a protein (DNA->RNA->Protein). |
front 25 AA | back 25 a building block of proteins |
front 26 Mutation | back 26 a change in the nucleotide base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule. |
front 27 codon | back 27 The three-nucleotide sequence on mRNA |
front 28 helicase | back 28 enzyme that unzips strands of DNA by breaking H bonds during replication |
front 29 single-stranded binding proteins | back 29 their job is to keep the 2 strands of DNA separated while replication occurs |
front 30 RNA polymerase | back 30 enzyme that both unzips AND zips up during transcription |
front 31 gene | back 31 A stretch of chromosome/DNA that codes for a trait |
front 32 A nucleotide consists | back 32 a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen base |
front 33 replication | back 33 The process by which DNA makes a copy of itsel |
front 34 dipeptide | back 34 two amino acids bonded together after translation |
front 35 polypeptide chain | back 35 3 or more amino acids |
front 36 3 main processes in this chapter | back 36 replication, transcription, translation |
front 37 orientation of twist of DNA helix | back 37 right-handed turn |
front 38 purines | back 38 adenine and guanine; 2 rings of carbon |
front 39 pyrimidines | back 39 cytosine and thymine; 1 ring of carbon |
front 40 replication fork | back 40 the Y-shaped region that results when the 2 strands separate |
front 41 replication origin bubbles | back 41 several points along DNA double-strands that replicate at the same time (to save time) |
front 42 mRNA | back 42 first type of RNA that carries the instructions from DNA to the ribosome to make a protein |
front 43 rRNA | back 43 part of the stucture of ribosome, which is an organelle where protein synthesis occurs |
front 44 tRNA | back 44 third type of RNA that transfers amino acids to the ribosome to make a protein |
front 45 genome | back 45 the complete genetic material contained in an individual |
front 46 hydrogen bond | back 46 weak bonds in DNA in the middle |
front 47 Rosalind Franklin | back 47 Woman who generated x-ray images of DNA, she povided Watson and Crick with key data about DNA |
front 48 Watson and Crick | back 48 discovered the structure of DNA |
front 49 leading strand | back 49 in replication, the new DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand toward the replication fork in the mandatory 5' to 3' direction |
front 50 lagging strand | back 50 in replication, the strand that is synthesized in fragments using individual sections |
front 51 What are the two steps of protein synthesis? | back 51 transcription and translation |
front 52 3 stop codons | back 52 UAA, UAG, UGA |
front 53 start codon | back 53 place on mRNA that starts translation |
front 54 stop codon | back 54 place on mRNA that stops translation |
front 55 Where does translation occur? | back 55 ribosome |
front 56 topoisomerase | back 56 enzyme that unwinds/untwists the strands of DNA during replication |