Attitudes

The psychological tendency to evaluate an object with some degree of favor or disfavor

Predispose our reaction to objects/people/events

Can attitudes predict behavior?

When outside influences are minimal

When the attitude and behavior are specific

When you are made acutely aware of your attitudes

Cognitive Dissonance

A state of tension resulting from two inconsistent attitudes

Dissonance

Aversive emotional states

Motivates us to regain consistency

More like when your behaviors have consequences

Aaronson and Mills (1959)

Observation: Effort justification

"Discussion on the psychology of sex"

Getting women to say sexual words for a club are more likely to stay compared to those who dont stay

Effort Justification

The kinds of objectives that are the hardest for us to achieve, demand considerably more energy, and that we have to fight for, are what we consider to be the most valuable

When are you most likely to need to reduce cognitive dissonance

Freely mad choice/decision

Effort put into a decision/choice

Behavior that conflicts with you review of yourself

Classifying Psychological disorders

DSM-5-TR

Problems with the DSM

The illusion of objectivity

Homosexuality used to be considered an illness

Categories vs. Dimensions

• You either have it or you don't but disorder don't exist in that way

Risk of labels

Why use the DSM

We still need classification

Pinpoint condition

Prognosis's

Anxiety Disorder

More than one disorder is comorbidity

Psychological disorders characterized by excessive fear and anxiety in the absence of true danger

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

The unexplainable and continually tense, general state of autonomic arousal

Free-floating anxiety

Intrusive worries

Panic Disorder

Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks

Worry/concern over additional attacks

What do we know about anxiety disorders?

evolution "prepares" us to be anxious and leads to a lot of false positives

Cognitive factors matter attention to threatening stimuli, interpretation of stimuli, catastrophic cognitions

there is a genetic component but not for specific types of anxiety disorders

Exposure theory can be very effective

Major depressive Disorder

For at least two weeks, depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day

The feeling of worthlessness, guilt, fatigue, sleep problems, eating problems, hard to concentrate, thoughts of death

What do we know about depression?

It is heterogeneous

it's becoming more common among young people

simplistic theories about neurotransmitters are not accurate

Medication helps

It tends to recur, but it also tends to get better

Bipolar Disorder

Depression alternating with manic episodes

• Abnormally elevated mood
• Inflated self-esteem
• Decreased need for sleep
• Unusually talkative, racing thoughts

what do we know about bipolar disorder?

Our treatment options are still limited primarily lithium

They have high genetic loading

may involve reward over sensibility in the brain

Schizophrenia

The "split"

Positive symptoms:

• Gaining
• Delusions
• Hallucination

Disorganized speech and behavior

Negative Symptoms:

• Flat affect being blunt
• Anhedonia
• Social withdrawal

Positive symptoms

Are symptoms that are in excess or added to normal mental functioning

Negative Symptoms

Symptoms that result in the loss or absence of normal function

What do we know about schizophrenia?

Its is heterogenous and it has more spectrum

Key neurotraumatic inclement do propane recall of glutamate

Structural brain abnormalities: frontal lobes, ventricles, thalamus

Possible excessive pruning of synapses in adolescence

Pre-natal environment matters

Genes and environmental matter

role playing

your attitudes affect your behaviors, but your behavior can also affect you attitudes

Personality vs. Situations

The power of the situation

illusion became a reality

The power of the situation

This is what happens when the powerful have control over the powerless group

Zimbardo Explanation

He was in the study himself

Role-playing prisoners and guards

• Influenced by TV

Demand Characterizes:

• This is when the participants find out what the experimenters want the participants tend to act that way
• Zimbardo told them how to behave
• The ideas about how to guard did not come from the guards

Suggestibility

Adjust your behavior so it is in line with everybody

Normative social influence

To get societal approval or avoid rejection

Informational social influence

The group provides valuable information

Conformity-ASCH

Adjusting your behavior to bring into line with a group standard

75% conformed at least once

Increasing Conformity-Asch

At least 3 people in a group

group is unanimous

group is high-status/attractive

no prior commitment to another response

your response is public

Milgram study (Obedience)

Random assignment

• Voltage increases every time someone gives that wrong answer
• no actual voltage was given however that's what they thought
• they wanted to stop but never did

Obedience is highest when

• person giving orders perceived as legitimate authority
• supported by prestigious institution
• victim depersonalized or at a distance
• No role model for defiance

Evidence that situation can be power

Critiques of the study milgram study

The ethics of the study

pyschopathology

Mean illness or disorder of the mind

Etiology

The factor that contributes to its development

Hippocrates

Often credited as the founder of modern medicine, they classified psychopathologies into mania, melancholia, and phrenitis, the latter characterized by mental confusion

Resulted from the relative amount of "humor" or bodily fluids, a person possessed

There was a physical bias

Mania

Elevated mood that feels "like on top of the world"

Categorical Approach

Which implies that a person either has a psychological disorder or does not

fails to capture differences in the severity of a disorder

Dimensional Approach

Which implies psychological disorders along a continuum on which people vary in degree rather than in kind

fails to set a threshold an disorders and a range

Research domain criteria

A method that defines basic aspects of functioning and considers them across multiple level of analysis, from genes to brain system to behavior

Comorbidty

Though people may be diagnosed with two or more disorders, a dual diagnosis is common

• Underlying factor p factor

p-factor

Was involved in all types of psychological disorders

higher scores on the p factor were associated with more life impairment, such as suicide attempts, hospitalization

• also predicts a worsening of impairments overtime
• Stable over time

Diathesis-stress model

A diagnostic model proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event

Think about the interaction between environment and person at the onset of psychopathology

Biological Factor

There is an important genetic factor

Affect the production and levels of neurotransmitters and their receptor sites

also the size and shape of the brain

family system model

A diagnostic model that considers problems within an individual as indicating problems within the family problems

Sociocultural model

A diagnostic that views psychology as the result of the interaction between individuals and their cultures

Cognitive behavioral appraoch

A diagnosis model that views psychopathology as the result of learned, maladaptive thoughts and beliefs

Internalizing disorders

Are characterized by negative emotions and they can be divided into broad categories that reflect the emotions of distress and fear

Internalizing is more prevalent in women

Externalizing disorders

Are characterized by impulsive or out of control behavior

More seen in men

Cultural norm and expectations

Wester cultures

• men will drown their sorrows in alcohol

Expectation of how women react to emotional distress is different

Abnormality disorders

Schizophrenia

Bipolar disorder

Cultural syndromes

disorders that include a cluster of symptoms that are found in specific cultural groups or region

specific Phobia

Fear of something that is disproportionate to the treat

Social anxiety disorder

Fear of being negatively evaluted by others in a social setting

Panic disorder

Sudden attacks of overwhelming terror

agoraphobia

Fear of being in a situation from which one cannot escape, panic attacks

Persistent depressive disorder

A form of depression that is not severe enough to diagnosed as major depressive disorder but last longer

The role of culture and gender in depressive disorder

so prevalent

leading causes to disability

stigmatized in american cultural group

higher rates in women

Causes of depression

Monoamides

neurotransmitters

motivate behavior

medication decrease levels of neurotransmitters

Aaron Beck

described the causes for depression as negative thoughts and beliefs about one self

refers these negative thoughts as cognitive Tirdad

People with depression make errors with logic

Cognitive tridad

Negative thoughts and beliefs of ones self

learned helplessness

A cognitive model of depression in which people feel unable to control events in their lives

Bipolar I disorder

A disorder characterized by extremely elevated moods during manic episodes and frequently depressive episodes as well

Disturbances and hallucination

Bipolar II disorder

A disorder characterized by alternating periods or extremely depressed and mildly elevated moods

Hypomania

Severe depression

Delusions

False beliefs based on incorrect inferences about reality

Halucination

False sensory perceptions that are experienced without an external source

Catatonic Behavior

Where the show a decrease in responsive to the environment because negative symptoms are more resistant to medication researcher have speculated that positive and negative symptoms have different biological causes

ADHD

A disorder characterized by restlessness, inattentive and impulsivity

Etiology of ADHD

The causes ADHD

• one difficultly n pinpointing the etiologic is that it is most likely heterogenous disorder

Schizophrenia Enviromental factors

Some research theorized that the increased stress of urban environment can trigger the onset of the disorder

runs in families