Catabolism

Involves the breakdown of complex organic molecules to extract energy and form simpler end products

Anabolism

uses the energy to synthesize necessary macromolecules and cell structures from simple precursors

Substrate

Promotes a reaction by serving as a physical site upon which the reactant molecules, can be positioned for various interactions

Why can vitamin deficiencies prevent the complete holoenzyme from forming?

Because the most important components of coenzymes are vitamins.

Thermal Energy

From molecular motion

Radiant Energy

From visible light or other rays

Electrical energy

From a flow of electrons

Mechanical energy

From a physical change in position

Atomic energy

From reactions in the nucleus of an atom

Chemical energy

Present in the bonds of molecules

Three main catabolic pathways of aerobic respiration

Glycolysis, Kreb's Cycle, Electron Transport Chain

Enzymes are made of

proteins

Holoenzyme

An enzyme complete with its apoenzyme and cofactors

Apoenzyme

The protein part of an enzyme as opposed to the nonprotein or inorganic cofactors

Cofactor

An enzyme accessory. It can be organic, such as coenzymes, or inorganic, such as Fe2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, or other metallic ions.

Coenzyme

A complex organic molecule, several of which are derived from vitamins (e.g., nicotinamide or niacin, riboflavin). A coenzyme operates in conjunction with an enzyme. Coenzymes serve as transient carriers of specific atoms or functional groups during metabolic reactions.

Nucleotide Analogs definition

a compound that is structurally similar to a nucleotide, which is a building block of DNA and RNA. Nucleotide analogs are used as anti-cancer and anti-viral drugs.

"fake nucleotides"

Nucleotide analogs (examples)

Acyclovir, Ribavirin, Azidothymidine

What can Acyclovir combat?

Herpesviruses- herpes simplex virus infections , varicella zoster (chickenpox), and herpes zoster (shingles)

What can Ribavirin combat?

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), hemorrhagic fevers

What can Azidothymidine combat?

HIV

Strategies for Suspecting Drug Resistance and Identifying Drug Resistant Pathogens

Clinical Observation, In Vitro studies, gene copy number analysis, gene sequence comparison

In vitro vs in vivo

In vitro- in a test tube

In vivo- in the host

Purines

Adenine, guanine

Pyrimidines

Cytosine, thymine, uracil

Neutrophils

The most common WBC, they have multilobed nuclei and are very phagocytic

Cytochromes

The redox carriers of the electron transport chain that have a tightly bound metal atom responsible for accepting and donating electrons are