Morphogenesis

The process by which an organism takes shape and the differentiated cells occupy their appropriate locations.

Morula

a solid ball of cells resulting from division of a fertilized ovum, and from which a blastula is formed.

Ovum

egg

Cleavage order

1st and 2nd - vertical. 3rd - equatorial

Blastomere

a cell formed by cleavage of a fertilized ovum

Blastocoel

the fluid-filled cavity of a blastula

Blastula

when blastocoel is fully formed

Does embryo grow in size during cleavage phase?

no, only divides`

Gastrulation

outer layers of cells migrate inward through blastopore, closing up blastocoel

Blastopore

opening to archenteron

gastrula

an embryo at the stage following the blastula, when it is a hollow cup-shaped structure having three layers of cells.

Archenteron

The endoderm-lined cavity, formed during gastrulation, that develops into the digestive tract of an animal.

Ectoderm makes up

•nervous system, epidermis, skin glands, inner ear, lens of the eye, adrenal medulla

mesoderm becomes

•notochord, lining of coelem, muscles, skeleton, gonads, kidneys, circulatory system (most), lymphatic system, skin dermis, adrenal cortex

Endoderm becomes

•digestive tract lining, organs that originate as outpockets of archenteron (liver, pancreas, gall bladder), thyroid, parathyroid, lungs, thymus, urinary bladder

Why is adrenal medulla from ectoderm and adrenal cortex from mesoderm?

The adrenal medulla develops from the ectoderm because it arises from neural crest cells, which are derivatives of the ectoderm. The adrenal cortex, on the other hand, originates from the mesoderm because it is derived from the mesodermal layer of the early embryo

Neuralation

the formation of the neural tube that is the basis for the nervous system

Neural folds

Raised ridges in the neural plate that create the neural groove.

Neural crest

A band of cells along the border where the neural tube pinches off from the ectoderm. Makes peripheral nervous system.

What are some of the last things to finish developing in a fetus and why?

Lungs and nervous system. Not necessary in the womb, also nervous system is complex.

Neural tube

when the neural folds fuse, creating a tube. Becomes central nervous system.

Organogenesis

formation of organs after gastrulation

Dorsal

toward the back

Ventral

belly side

Anterior

front of the body

Posterior

back of body

Caudal

toward the tail

Rostral

toward the nose

Neural tube arise from

dorsal ectoderm

Notochord arises from

Dorsal mesoderm

Somites

blocks of mesoderm that become vertabrae

allantoic bladder

Will become the urinary bladder after birth; will store urine

Kidney excretory order

Renal cortex, renal medulla (has renal pyramids), renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra

renal pelvis

central collecting region in the kidney

Hormone that produce T cells

thymosin in thymus

Hormone produced by parathyroid

• Parathyroid hormone (PTH) - signals osteoclasts to chew bone

Hormone that builds bone

Calcitonin signals osteoblasts, produced by thyroid

Where are hormones produced in pancreas? What hormones?

Islets of Langerhan. Alpha - glucagon. Beta - insulin. Delta - somatostatin.

Which hormones does hypothalamus produce?

Oxytocin and ADH

What hormone produced in pituitary gland travels to adrenal gland? Which zone, and what does it do?

ACTH - to zona fasiculata to produce glucocorticoids that lower inflammation and raise blood glucose levels (e.g. cortisone)

What's the difference between LH and FSH?

FSH - follicle production (sperm and eggs). LH - controls ovulation, signals Leydig cells in males to produce testosterone.

Where is calcitonin produced?

thyroid gland

Seminal Vesicles

adds a sugary fluid to semen

bulbourethra gland

lubrication

Spermatogenesis

Formation of sperm

seminiferous tubules

site of sperm production

Pineal gland produces

melatonin

Zona gomerulosa

Outermost, secretes mineralocorticoids, e.g. aldosterone, regulate minerals in kidneys

Zona fasiculata

Regulated by ACTH, produces glucocorticoids, e.g. cortisone. Reduce inflammation and increase blood glucose.

Zona reticularis

secretes androgens

Adrenal medulla secretes

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Prostate gland secretes

alkaline fluid

Is TSH to thymus or thyroid?

Thyroid

Which hormone increases metabolism

TSH

4 stages of embryo development

Fertilization, Cleavage, Gastrulation, Neurulation and Organogenesis

neural tube comes from

Dorsal ectoderm

Notochord comes from

Dorsal mesoderm

Sertoli cells

cells found within the seminiferous tubules that provide metabolic support for the spermatids

Spermatid

an immature male sex cell formed from a spermatocyte that can develop into a spermatozoon without further division.

Identify brain sections

Frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, medulla oblongata, pons, spinal cord

Arises from endoderm

epithelial linings of digestive, respiratory, urogenital systems; associated glands

in the absence of calcium ions, can myosin bind to actin? why and why not?

no, troponin and tropomyosin cover the myosin binding sites