Your patient is scheduled for a staging procedure. She wants to know what that means. The correct response is which of the following?

It is a procedure for determining the extent of tumor spread.

The cellular response indicative of injury because of faulty metabolism is

intracellular accumulations.

The cellular component that is most susceptible to radiation injury is the

DNA.

Proto-oncogenes

are normal cellular genes that promote growth.

Malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin are known as

carcinomas.

After surgery to remove a lung tumor, your patient is scheduled for chemotherapy, which will

kill rapidly dividing cells.

The hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer is thought to be because of

tumor necrosis factor.

TRUE/FAlSE

In general, a cancer cell that is more tissue-specific differentiated is more likely to be aggressive.

False

The cellular change that is considered preneoplastic is

dysplasia.

The most common tumor-suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells is

P53.

Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces _____ necrosis.

liquefactive

Carbon monoxide injures cells by

reducing oxygen level on hemoglobin.

Familial retinoblastoma involves the transmission of what from parent to offspring?

Mutant tumor-suppressor gene

Your patient eats “lots of fat,” leads a “stressful” life, and has smoked “about two packs a day for the last 40 years.” Her chronic morning cough recently worsened, and she was diagnosed with a lung mass. The most likely contributing factor for development of lung cancer in this patient is

cigarette smoking.

Paraneoplastic syndromes in cancer involve excessive production of substances by multiple means. A common substance found in excessive amounts resulting from cancer paraneoplastic syndromes is

calcium.

Cancer grading is based on

cell differentiation.

Retroviruses are associated with human cancers, including

Burkitt lymphoma.

Metaplasia is

the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another.

Breast cancer in women who have the breast cancer gene

occurs at an earlier age.

The primary effect of aging on all body systems is

decreased functional reserve.

Coagulative necrosis is caused by

interrupted blood supply.

After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. This is an example of

tertiary prevention.

An obese but otherwise healthy teen is given a prescription for a low-calorie diet and exercise program. This is an example of

secondary prevention.

A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium intake. This is an example of

secondary prevention.

The effect of stress on the immune system

may involve enhancement or impairment the immune system.

The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is referred to as

subclinical.

In general, with aging, organ size and function

decrease.

A patient has been exposed to meningococcal meningitis, but is not yet demonstrating signs of this disease. This stage of illness is called the _____ stage

latent

A disease that is native to a particular region is called

endemic.

Which is not normally secreted in response to stress?

norepinephrine

cortisol

epinephrine

insulin

Insulin

Extreme cold injures cells by all the following except

ischemic injury from vasoconstriction

peripheral nerve damage from rebound vasodilation

decreased blood viscosity

crystallization of cellular components

decreased blood viscosity.

All these cellular responses are potentially reversible except

metaplasia

atrophy

hyperplasia

necrosis

necrosis.

TRUE/FALSE

When the cause is unknown, a condition is said to be idiopathic

True

Somatic death refers to death

of the entire organism.

Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and are mediated by

norepinephrine.

TRUE/FALSE

The nurse is swabbing a patient’s throat to test for streptococcal pharyngitis. The nurse must understand that tests such as this differ in the probability that they will be positive for a condition when applied to a person with the condition; this probability is termed sensitivity.

True

Apoptosis is a process that results in cellular

death.

Selye’s three phases of the stress response include all the following except

allostasis

resistance

alarm

exhaustion

allostasis.

A 17-year-old college-bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an example of

primary prevention.

Reperfusion injury to cells

involves formation of free radicals.

What is the study of causes or reasons for phenomena that identifies a causal factor that, acting in concert, provokes a particular disease?

Etiology

Etiology classification that means unknown

idiopathic

Etiology classification that mean unintended/unwanted that can be caused from unintended/unwanted medical treatment.

Iatrogenic

A ________ _________ is a factor that when present increases the likelihood of disease.

Risk Factor

A clinical manifestation that is an objective or observed manifestation of disease.

sign

A clinical manifestation that is based on subjective feeling of abnormality in the body.

Symptom

A clinical manifestation that represents the etiology of signs and symptoms that have not yet been determined

Syndrome

Time between exposure of tissue to injurious agent and 1st appearance of signs and/or symptoms.

Latent period

Refers to a period during an illness when signs/symptoms temporarily become mild, silent or disappear.

Latent period

Time during which 1st sign and symptoms appear indicating onset of disease

prodromal period

Patient functions normally, and the disease processes are well established

subclinical

May last months-years sometimes following an acute course

chronic clinical course

A sudden increase in the severity of disease or signs/symptoms (MS, Sickle cell disease)

exacerbation

Decrease in severity, sign, or symptoms: may indicate disease is cured

remission

stage of recovery after a disease injury, or surgical procedure

convalescence

Probablitly that the test will be negative when applied to a person without a particular condition

specificity

Probability that a test will be positive when applied to a person with a particular condition

sensitivity

native to a local region

endemic

spread to many people at the same time

epidemic

spread to large geographic areas

pandemic

Ability to successfully adapt to challanges

allostasis

What are the three stages of Selyes GAS- general adaptation syndrome

Alarm

Resistance/Adaptation

Exhaustion

What stage is GAS (selyes)

the point where the body can no longer return to homeostasis

exhaustion

What stage in GAS (selyes)

fight-or-flight response due to stressful stimulus

Alarm

What stage in GAS (selyes)

activity of the nervous and endocrine system in returning the body to homeostasis

resistance, adaptation

"cost" of the body's organs and tissues for an ineffectively regulated allostatic response. (part of the exhaustion stage of selyes)

allostatic overloas

In alarm, which one releases epinephrine and norepinephrine- short-term or long-term response?

short term

In alarm, which one releases cortisol - short-term or long-term response?

long term

Norepinephrine:

Constricts blood vessels and raises bp. What receptor is used- alpha or beta 2?

alpha receptor

Epinephrine:

Enhances myocardial contractility, increase HR and increases CO- alpha or beta 2?

beta 2 receptor

What is the primary glucocorticoid steroid that has anti-inflammation effects, promotes appetite, and affects protein metabolism?

cortisol/steroid

Promotes reabsorption of sodium and water. Increases BP.

Aldosterone

Affect stress responses, influencing allostasis.

Ex: estrogen, testosterone

sex hormones

In ischemia: Cellular events lead to __________ ____________.

Lactic acidosis

Can increase during stress to enhance immune function

Growth hormone

Results from malfunction of sodium-potassium pump with an accumulation of sodium ions within the cell.

Hyropic swelling

Cells shrink and reduce their differentiated functions in response to normal and injurious factors

Causes: disuse, denervation, ischemia, nutrient starvation, persistent cell injury

Atrophy

Increase in cell mass accompanied by an augmented functional capacity in response to physiologic and pathophysiologic demands

Causes: Increased cellular protein content

Hypertrophy

Increase in functional capacity related to an increase in cell number due to mitotic division.

Causes: increased physiological demands or hormonal stimulations

hyperplasia

Replacement of one differentiated cell with another

(fully reversible)

Metaplasia

Disorganized appearance of cells because of abnormal variation in size, shape, and arrangement. Preneoplastic lessons.

Dysplasia

What type of Necosis:

Most common type, process that begins with ischemia and ends with degradation of plasma membrane (heart muscle)

coagulative necrosis

What type of Necosis:

Occurs with dissolution of dead cells (brain)

Formation of abscess or cysts from dissolved dead tissue

Liquefactive necrosis

What type of Necosis:

Death of adipose tissue

usually the result of trauma or prancreatits

Fat necrosis

What type of Necosis:

Characteristic of lung damage secondary to TB

resembles cheese

Caseous necrosis

What type of gangrene

form of coagulative necrosis characterized by blackened, dry, wrinkled tissue separated by a line of demarcation from healthy tissue

dry gangrene

What type of gangrene

-Could also involve with bacterial infection

for of liquefactive necrosis, can be fatal and typical found in internal organs

wet gangrene

What type of gangrene

CDIFF

gas gangrene

Does apoptosis cause inflammation

no

Do all benign tumors end with the suffix -oma?

no

Malignant tumor that is of epithelial orgin

carcinoma

Malignant tumor that is of mesenchymal orgin

Sarcoma

Malignant tumor of white blood cells

leukemia

What are proto-oncogene in its mutant overactive form

oncogene

What are the following?

-HIV -Kaposi's sarcoma

-Epstein-Bar Virus- Burkitt lymphoma

-Human T-lymphocyte virus type 1- Adult T-cell leukemia

-Hepatitis C

Retroviruses

Causes loss of function. Stops cell cycle for repariment

Tumor-Suppressor Gene

What type of Gene?

Normally "master brake" for cell cycle

normally blocks/stops cell division

Binds to transcription factors

Rb Gene

What type of Gene?

Associated with breast cancer

BRCA1 & BRCA 2

Process by which cancer cells escape their tissue of origin and initiate new colonies of cancer in distant sites through the circulatory or lymphatic systems

metastasis

What contributes to anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia?

Bone marrow supressio