front 1 Your patient is scheduled for a staging procedure. She wants to know what that means. The correct response is which of the following? | back 1 It is a procedure for determining the extent of tumor spread. |
front 2 The cellular response indicative of injury because of faulty metabolism is | back 2 intracellular accumulations. |
front 3 The cellular component that is most susceptible to radiation injury is the | back 3 DNA. |
front 4 Proto-oncogenes | back 4 are normal cellular genes that promote growth. |
front 5 Malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin are known as | back 5 carcinomas. |
front 6 After surgery to remove a lung tumor, your patient is scheduled for chemotherapy, which will | back 6 kill rapidly dividing cells. |
front 7 The hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer is thought to be because of | back 7 tumor necrosis factor. |
front 8 TRUE/FAlSE In general, a cancer cell that is more tissue-specific differentiated is more likely to be aggressive. | back 8 False |
front 9 The cellular change that is considered preneoplastic is | back 9 dysplasia. |
front 10 The most common tumor-suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells is | back 10 P53. |
front 11 Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces _____ necrosis. | back 11 liquefactive |
front 12 Carbon monoxide injures cells by | back 12 reducing oxygen level on hemoglobin. |
front 13 Familial retinoblastoma involves the transmission of what from parent to offspring? | back 13 Mutant tumor-suppressor gene |
front 14 Your patient eats “lots of fat,” leads a “stressful” life, and has smoked “about two packs a day for the last 40 years.” Her chronic morning cough recently worsened, and she was diagnosed with a lung mass. The most likely contributing factor for development of lung cancer in this patient is | back 14 cigarette smoking. |
front 15 Paraneoplastic syndromes in cancer involve excessive production of substances by multiple means. A common substance found in excessive amounts resulting from cancer paraneoplastic syndromes is | back 15 calcium. |
front 16 Cancer grading is based on | back 16 cell differentiation. |
front 17 Retroviruses are associated with human cancers, including | back 17 Burkitt lymphoma. |
front 18 Metaplasia is | back 18 the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another. |
front 19 Breast cancer in women who have the breast cancer gene | back 19 occurs at an earlier age. |
front 20 The primary effect of aging on all body systems is | back 20 decreased functional reserve. |
front 21 Coagulative necrosis is caused by | back 21 interrupted blood supply. |
front 22 After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. This is an example of | back 22 tertiary prevention. |
front 23 An obese but otherwise healthy teen is given a prescription for a low-calorie diet and exercise program. This is an example of | back 23 secondary prevention. |
front 24 A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium intake. This is an example of | back 24 secondary prevention. |
front 25 The effect of stress on the immune system | back 25 may involve enhancement or impairment the immune system. |
front 26 The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is referred to as | back 26 subclinical. |
front 27 In general, with aging, organ size and function | back 27 decrease. |
front 28 A patient has been exposed to meningococcal meningitis, but is not yet demonstrating signs of this disease. This stage of illness is called the _____ stage | back 28 latent |
front 29 A disease that is native to a particular region is called | back 29 endemic. |
front 30 Which is not normally secreted in response to stress? norepinephrine cortisol epinephrine insulin | back 30 Insulin |
front 31 Extreme cold injures cells by all the following except ischemic injury from vasoconstriction peripheral nerve damage from rebound vasodilation decreased blood viscosity crystallization of cellular components | back 31 decreased blood viscosity. |
front 32 All these cellular responses are potentially reversible except metaplasia atrophy hyperplasia necrosis | back 32 necrosis. |
front 33 TRUE/FALSE When the cause is unknown, a condition is said to be idiopathic | back 33 True |
front 34 Somatic death refers to death | back 34 of the entire organism. |
front 35 Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and are mediated by | back 35 norepinephrine. |
front 36 TRUE/FALSE The nurse is swabbing a patient’s throat to test for streptococcal pharyngitis. The nurse must understand that tests such as this differ in the probability that they will be positive for a condition when applied to a person with the condition; this probability is termed sensitivity. | back 36 True |
front 37 Apoptosis is a process that results in cellular | back 37 death. |
front 38 Selye’s three phases of the stress response include all the following except allostasis resistance alarm exhaustion | back 38 allostasis. |
front 39 A 17-year-old college-bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an example of | back 39 primary prevention. |
front 40 Reperfusion injury to cells | back 40 involves formation of free radicals. |
front 41 What is the study of causes or reasons for phenomena that identifies a causal factor that, acting in concert, provokes a particular disease? | back 41 Etiology |
front 42 Etiology classification that means unknown | back 42 idiopathic |
front 43 Etiology classification that mean unintended/unwanted that can be caused from unintended/unwanted medical treatment. | back 43 Iatrogenic |
front 44 A ________ _________ is a factor that when present increases the likelihood of disease. | back 44 Risk Factor |
front 45 A clinical manifestation that is an objective or observed manifestation of disease. | back 45 sign |
front 46 A clinical manifestation that is based on subjective feeling of abnormality in the body. | back 46 Symptom |
front 47 A clinical manifestation that represents the etiology of signs and symptoms that have not yet been determined | back 47 Syndrome |
front 48 Time between exposure of tissue to injurious agent and 1st appearance of signs and/or symptoms. | back 48 Latent period |
front 49 Refers to a period during an illness when signs/symptoms temporarily become mild, silent or disappear. | back 49 Latent period |
front 50 Time during which 1st sign and symptoms appear indicating onset of disease | back 50 prodromal period |
front 51 Patient functions normally, and the disease processes are well established | back 51 subclinical |
front 52 May last months-years sometimes following an acute course | back 52 chronic clinical course |
front 53 A sudden increase in the severity of disease or signs/symptoms (MS, Sickle cell disease) | back 53 exacerbation |
front 54 Decrease in severity, sign, or symptoms: may indicate disease is cured | back 54 remission |
front 55 stage of recovery after a disease injury, or surgical procedure | back 55 convalescence |
front 56 Probablitly that the test will be negative when applied to a person without a particular condition | back 56 specificity |
front 57 Probability that a test will be positive when applied to a person with a particular condition | back 57 sensitivity |
front 58 native to a local region | back 58 endemic |
front 59 spread to many people at the same time | back 59 epidemic |
front 60 spread to large geographic areas | back 60 pandemic |
front 61 Ability to successfully adapt to challanges | back 61 allostasis |
front 62 What are the three stages of Selyes GAS- general adaptation syndrome | back 62 Alarm Resistance/Adaptation Exhaustion |
front 63 What stage is GAS (selyes) the point where the body can no longer return to homeostasis | back 63 exhaustion |
front 64 What stage in GAS (selyes) fight-or-flight response due to stressful stimulus | back 64 Alarm |
front 65 What stage in GAS (selyes) activity of the nervous and endocrine system in returning the body to homeostasis | back 65 resistance, adaptation |
front 66 "cost" of the body's organs and tissues for an ineffectively regulated allostatic response. (part of the exhaustion stage of selyes) | back 66 allostatic overloas |
front 67 In alarm, which one releases epinephrine and norepinephrine- short-term or long-term response? | back 67 short term |
front 68 In alarm, which one releases cortisol - short-term or long-term response? | back 68 long term |
front 69 Norepinephrine: Constricts blood vessels and raises bp. What receptor is used- alpha or beta 2? | back 69 alpha receptor |
front 70 Epinephrine: Enhances myocardial contractility, increase HR and increases CO- alpha or beta 2? | back 70 beta 2 receptor |
front 71 What is the primary glucocorticoid steroid that has anti-inflammation effects, promotes appetite, and affects protein metabolism? | back 71 cortisol/steroid |
front 72 Promotes reabsorption of sodium and water. Increases BP. | back 72 Aldosterone |
front 73 Affect stress responses, influencing allostasis. Ex: estrogen, testosterone | back 73 sex hormones |
front 74 In ischemia: Cellular events lead to __________ ____________. | back 74 Lactic acidosis |
front 75 Can increase during stress to enhance immune function | back 75 Growth hormone |
front 76 Results from malfunction of sodium-potassium pump with an accumulation of sodium ions within the cell. | back 76 Hyropic swelling |
front 77 Cells shrink and reduce their differentiated functions in response to normal and injurious factors Causes: disuse, denervation, ischemia, nutrient starvation, persistent cell injury | back 77 Atrophy |
front 78 Increase in cell mass accompanied by an augmented functional capacity in response to physiologic and pathophysiologic demands Causes: Increased cellular protein content | back 78 Hypertrophy |
front 79 Increase in functional capacity related to an increase in cell number due to mitotic division. Causes: increased physiological demands or hormonal stimulations | back 79 hyperplasia |
front 80 Replacement of one differentiated cell with another (fully reversible) | back 80 Metaplasia |
front 81 Disorganized appearance of cells because of abnormal variation in size, shape, and arrangement. Preneoplastic lessons. | back 81 Dysplasia |
front 82 What type of Necosis: Most common type, process that begins with ischemia and ends with degradation of plasma membrane (heart muscle) | back 82 coagulative necrosis |
front 83 What type of Necosis: Occurs with dissolution of dead cells (brain) Formation of abscess or cysts from dissolved dead tissue | back 83 Liquefactive necrosis |
front 84 What type of Necosis: Death of adipose tissue usually the result of trauma or prancreatits | back 84 Fat necrosis |
front 85 What type of Necosis: Characteristic of lung damage secondary to TB resembles cheese | back 85 Caseous necrosis |
front 86 What type of gangrene form of coagulative necrosis characterized by blackened, dry, wrinkled tissue separated by a line of demarcation from healthy tissue | back 86 dry gangrene |
front 87 What type of gangrene -Could also involve with bacterial infection for of liquefactive necrosis, can be fatal and typical found in internal organs | back 87 wet gangrene |
front 88 What type of gangrene CDIFF | back 88 gas gangrene |
front 89 Does apoptosis cause inflammation | back 89 no |
front 90 Do all benign tumors end with the suffix -oma? | back 90 no |
front 91 Malignant tumor that is of epithelial orgin | back 91 carcinoma |
front 92 Malignant tumor that is of mesenchymal orgin | back 92 Sarcoma |
front 93 Malignant tumor of white blood cells | back 93 leukemia |
front 94 What are proto-oncogene in its mutant overactive form | back 94 oncogene |
front 95 What are the following? -HIV -Kaposi's sarcoma -Epstein-Bar Virus- Burkitt lymphoma -Human T-lymphocyte virus type 1- Adult T-cell leukemia -Hepatitis C | back 95 Retroviruses |
front 96 Causes loss of function. Stops cell cycle for repariment | back 96 Tumor-Suppressor Gene |
front 97 What type of Gene? Normally "master brake" for cell cycle normally blocks/stops cell division Binds to transcription factors | back 97 Rb Gene |
front 98 What type of Gene? Associated with breast cancer | back 98 BRCA1 & BRCA 2 |
front 99 Process by which cancer cells escape their tissue of origin and initiate new colonies of cancer in distant sites through the circulatory or lymphatic systems | back 99 metastasis |
front 100 What contributes to anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia? | back 100 Bone marrow supressio |