what is the plantar

part of foot contacting the ground

what is the dorsum

dorsal (superior) surface of the foot

what is the heel

sole of foot under calcaneous

what is the ball of the foot

some of foot under medial two metatarsals

what is the last part of the foot contacting the ground when walking

ball of the foot

a to b. medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiform bones
c. navicular bone
d. talus bone
e. calcaneus bone
f. cuboid bone
g. metatarsals
h. proximal, intermediate, distal phalanges

a. metatarsals
b. medial cuneiform
c. navicular
d. talus
e. calcaneus
f. metatarsal
g. cuboid
h. talus
calcaneus

what are the orders of the toe numbers

1st toe big, great toe

toes 2-5, fifth toe is pinky toe

what are the general categories of bones of the foot

tarsals
metatarsals
phalanges
sesamoid bones

what are the tarsal bones

calcaneous
talus
navicular
cuboid
cuneiform (medial, intermediate, lateral)

what bones make up the hindfoot and midfoot

tarsals

what bones make up the ankle joints

tarsals

what bone forms large bony protrusion posteriorly

calcaneous

what does the calcaneal tendon attach to (tarsal bone)

calcaneous

what is the domed superior tarsal bone

talus

what bone wedges between tibia and fibula

talus

what tarsal makes up the large portion of the ankle joint

talus

what bone articulates with the talus

navicular

what tarsal is a crescent shaped bone

navicular

what bone is proximal to the cuneiform

navicular

what is the most lateral tarsal

cuboid

where is the cuneiform relative to the navicular

distal to the navicular

what are the different cuneiform bones

medial (first)
intermediate (second)
lateral (third)

how many metatarsals are there

five

a. fibularis longus
b. tibialis posterior
- plantar calcaneonavicular ligament is ligament behind it
c. tibialis anterior
d. short plantar ligament
e. long plantar ligament
f. plantar aponeurosis
g. intrinsic plantar muscles
- flexor hallucis longus is muscle that wraps around ankle and goes to toe

what are the long boes that make up the arch/body of the foot

metatarsals

how many phalanges are tehre

14

two off big toe, three off each of the rest

what are the phalanges

proximal and distal of big toe

proximal intermediate distal off the rest of the toes 2-5

what are the two odd bones in the muscle tendon at the head of the first metatarsal on plantar surface

sesamoid bones

what bones are buried in tendons of flexor hallucis brevis tendons

sesamoid bones

what is the purpose of the sesamoid bones

general frictional forces and change up the angle that flexor hallucis brevis inserts on big toe, giving it more of a mechanical advantage

what is important about the foot's general role

major supportive structure that bears weight whenever we stand up or use locomotion

what is the support function of the foot based on

three arches

what do the arches of the foot do?

act as shock absorbers
help support/distribute body weight
protect BVs
propel body when moving

why do people with flat feet have problems

nerves and arteries bothered and pinched

what are the arches of the foot

medial longitudinal arch
lateral longitudinal arch
transverse arch

where is the medial longitudinal arch

runs on medial longitudinal border of the foot

which arch of the foot does not make a footprint

medial longitudinal arch

where is the lateral longitudinal arch

on lateral longitudinal border of the foot, not as high as medial longitudinal arch so it makes a footprint

where is the transverse arch of the foot

arrangement of the metatarsal bones themselves

how do the bones of the arch provide passive support

due to how they are shaped and interlock structurally

what are the layers of fibrous tissue that provide passive support to the arches of the feet

plantar aponeurosis
long plantar ligament
short plantar ligament
plantar calcaneonavicular ligament

what is the function of the plantar aponeurosis

protects underlying tendons, muscles, nerves, BVs
has arch support function

what is the plantar aponeurosis

thickened portion of plantar fascia

functions to provide firm attachment for skin and thus improve grip

where does plantar aponeurosis run

calcaneus to heads of metatarsals and base of proximal phalanx

where does the long plantar ligament run

from calcaneous to metatarsals

what arches does the long plantar ligament support

both longitudinal arches

what layer of the fibrous tissue runs deep to the long plantar ligament

short plantar ligament

what layer of fibrous tissue runs from the calcaneous to cuboid tarsal bones

short plantar ligaments

what is plantar fasciitis

inflammation of plantar fascia that makes weight bearing difficult

where does pain in plantar fasciitis usually originate

close to calcaneus

what can sometimes develop in plantar fasciitis

heel spur

how can plantar fasciitis be helped

exercise and stretching of gastroc and soleus

severe cases: corticosteroids but this can wear it away too so be careful

what layer of fibrous tissue provides the main support to the medial longitudinal arch

plantar calcaneonavicular ligament

which ligament is considered the spring ligament

plantar calcaneonavicular

which layer of fibrous tissue are stretched out over the course of the day

what provides dynamic support to the arch

intrinsice muscles
active contractions of muscles

which muscles actively contract to support the arch

tibialis anterior
fibularis longus

what is the function of the tibialis anterior relative to the dynamic support of the arch

supports medial longitudinal arch

what is the function of the fibularis longus relative to dynamic support of the arch

cuts across transverse arch and wraps under plantar aspect of foot and supports that transverse arch

what are two types of foot shapes

pes planus
pes cavus

what is pes planus

flat feet

is pes planus common?

yes, one reason that people are exempt from army

what are two types of pes planus

supple
rigid

what is supple pes planus like

when foot not weight bearing, their arch looks normal; when weight bearing it flattens out as passive and active supports give way

what is rigid pes planus due to

bone alignment fitting a certain way

what is pes cavus and what is it from

abnormally high arch

due to tight dynamic support

where do problems in the feet often manifest themselves

pain in other joints/muscles that usually do not bear stress

what do the muscles on the dorsum of the foot do

extend the toes

what are the muscles of the dorsum of the foot innervated by

deep fibular nerve

what artery supplies the dorsum of the foot

dorsalis pedis artery

what eventually becomes the dorsalis pedis artery

femoral to popliteal to anterior tibial to dorsalis pedis artery

what is the action of the extensor hallucis brevis

big toe extensor

what is the action of the extensor digitorum brevis

extensor of toes 2-5

what is an important division line on the plantar side of the foot

central axis of the foot, bisects 2nd toe and goes to calcaneus

what are two terminal branches of the tibial nerve

medial and lateral plantar nerve

what nerves supply the plantar side of the food

medial and lateral plantar nerves

a. extensor digitorum brevis
b. extensor hallucis brevis

what is in the first (superficial) layer of muscles of the plantar side of the foot made of

two abductors and a flexor

what is included in the first layer of muscles on the plantar side of the foot

abductor hallucis
flexor digitorum brevis
abductor digiti minimi

a. abductor digiti minimi
b. flexor digitorum brevis
c. abductor hallucis

what innervates the abductor hallucis

medial plantar nerve

what innnervates the flexor digitorum brevis

medial plantar nerve

what innervates the abductor digiti minimi

lateral plantar nerves

what is between the first and second layer of plantar muscles

plantar nerves and plantar BVs

what is within the second layer of plantar side foot muscles

two muscles, two tendons

what muscles are within the second layer of plantar side foot muscles

quadratus plantae
lumbricals

a. lumbricals
b. quadratus plantae
c. tendon of flexor digitorum longus
d. tendon of flexor hallucis longus

flexor digiti minimi (3rd layer, looks out of place)

what tendons are within the second layer of plantar side foot muscles

tendon of flexor hallucis longus
tendon for flexor digitorum longus

what innervates the quadratus plantae

LPN

what innervates the first lumbrical

MPN

what innervates the 2-5 lumbricals

LPN

what do the lumbricals do

flex proximal phalanges and extend intermediate and distal phalanges

where does the quadratus plantae run

from heel to tendons of flexor hallucis longus

what is interesting abuot quadratus plantae

only in lower limb because quadratus plantae pulls on toes so that they don't curl at an angle but straightforward

what do the lumbricals attach to

flexor digitorum tendons, run to digits

what do lumbricals mean

wormlike

where are the tendon of flexor hallucis longus and tendon of flexor digitorum longus from

from leg

what is in the third layer of plantar muscles of the foot

one adductor, two flexors

what are teh msucles in the third layer of plantar muscles in the foot

flexor hallucis brevis
adductor hallucis
flexor digiti minimi brevis

a. transverse head of adductor hallucis
b. oblique head of adductor hallucis
c. flexor hallucis brevis

what is the role of the flexor hallucis brevis

flexes proximal phalanx of first toe

what is the action of the adductor hallucis

active during pushoff phase of gait

pulls toes 2-5 and holds transverse arch stable

where does the flexor hallucis brevis insert

two sesamoid bones

what innervates the flexor hallucis brevis

MPN

what is interesting about the adductor hallucis

has two muscle heads, looks like a 7

what innervates the adductor hallucis

LPN

what innervates the flexor digiti minimi brevis

LPN

what is included in the fourth layer of the plantar side of the foot

many short muscles and two tendons

a. plantar interossei
b. dorsal interossei

what is the action of the plantar interossei

adduction of toes

how many plantar interossei are there

3

are the plantar interossei unipennate or dipennate

unipennate

whta is the actin of the dorsal interossei

abduction of toes

how many dorsal interossei are tehre

4

are dorsal interossei unipennate or dipennate

bipennate

what are the short muscles that run in between the metatarsals

interossei

how many plantar interossei are there

three

how mnay dorsal interossei are there

four

what are the two tendons of fourth layer of the plantar side of the foot

tendon of fibularis longus

tendon of tibialis posterior

what are the muscles that are in the fourth layer of the plantar side of the foot

plantar and dorsal interossei

what artery supplies the dorsum of the foot

dorsalis pedis artery

what areter does the dorsalis pedis artery give off distally

arcuate artery

what does the dorsalis pedis artery come off of

anterior tibial artery

what comes off the arcuate artery

deep plantar artery that passes to plantar aspect of foot and small digital branches

a. deep plantar artery
b. dorsalis pedis artery
c. anterior tibial artery

what is the path of the deep plantar artery

goes between toes 1 and 2

where is the dorsalis pedis artery from

anterior tibial artery

what is the course of the dorsalis pedis artery

sends branch to plantar side of foot, anastamoses with some plantar BVs and terminates between first and second toe

where is the palpable dorsalis pedis pulse

distal to extensor retinaculum and just laeral to tendon for extensor hallucis longus

what is the dorsalis pedis artery checked for

arterial insufficiency

how much of the populatin have a weak or absent dorsalis pedis artery

10%

what is the smaller branch of the posterior tibial artery

medial plantar artery

what does the medial plantar artery supply

medial plantar side of foot

what is the larger branch of the posterior tibial artery

lateral plantar artery

a. deep plantar artery
b. plantar arch
c. medial plantar artery
d. lateral plantar artery
e. posterior tibial artery

what supplies most of the plantar side of the foot

lateral plantar artery

what is the plantar arterial arch a union of

lateral plantar artery and deep plantar artery (from dorsalis pedis)

what gives off the digital arteries

plantar arterial arch

does the cutaneous information of the foot follow the central axis rule

nope

what does the saphenous nerve supply

medial side of dorsum to first metatarsal

what does the superficial fibular nerve supply

dorsum of foot and parts of digits

what does the deep fibular nerve supply

between first and second digits

what does the medial plantar nerve supply

medial plantar side of foot and first 3.5 digits

what does the lateral plantar nerve supply

lateral plantar side of foot and last 1.5 digits

what does the sural nerve supply

very lateral side of foot

what does the tibial nerve supply

skin of heel

a. sural nerve
b. deep fibular nerve
c. superficial fibular nerve
d. deep fibular nerve
e. sural nerve
f. saphenous nerve

a. tibial nerve
b. sural nerve
c. lateral plantar nerve
d. medial plantar nerve