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Anatomy Block III- Foot

front 1

what is the plantar

back 1

part of foot contacting the ground

front 2

what is the dorsum

back 2

dorsal (superior) surface of the foot

front 3

what is the heel

back 3

sole of foot under calcaneous

front 4

what is the ball of the foot

back 4

some of foot under medial two metatarsals

front 5

what is the last part of the foot contacting the ground when walking

back 5

ball of the foot

front 6

back 6

a to b. medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiform bones
c. navicular bone
d. talus bone
e. calcaneus bone
f. cuboid bone
g. metatarsals
h. proximal, intermediate, distal phalanges

front 7

back 7

a. metatarsals
b. medial cuneiform
c. navicular
d. talus
e. calcaneus
f. metatarsal
g. cuboid
h. talus
calcaneus

front 8

what are the orders of the toe numbers

back 8

1st toe big, great toe

toes 2-5, fifth toe is pinky toe

front 9

what are the general categories of bones of the foot

back 9

tarsals
metatarsals
phalanges
sesamoid bones

front 10

what are the tarsal bones

back 10

calcaneous
talus
navicular
cuboid
cuneiform (medial, intermediate, lateral)

front 11

what bones make up the hindfoot and midfoot

back 11

tarsals

front 12

what bones make up the ankle joints

back 12

tarsals

front 13

what bone forms large bony protrusion posteriorly

back 13

calcaneous

front 14

what does the calcaneal tendon attach to (tarsal bone)

back 14

calcaneous

front 15

what is the domed superior tarsal bone

back 15

talus

front 16

what bone wedges between tibia and fibula

back 16

talus

front 17

what tarsal makes up the large portion of the ankle joint

back 17

talus

front 18

what bone articulates with the talus

back 18

navicular

front 19

what tarsal is a crescent shaped bone

back 19

navicular

front 20

what bone is proximal to the cuneiform

back 20

navicular

front 21

what is the most lateral tarsal

back 21

cuboid

front 22

where is the cuneiform relative to the navicular

back 22

distal to the navicular

front 23

what are the different cuneiform bones

back 23

medial (first)
intermediate (second)
lateral (third)

front 24

how many metatarsals are there

back 24

five

front 25

back 25

a. fibularis longus
b. tibialis posterior
- plantar calcaneonavicular ligament is ligament behind it
c. tibialis anterior
d. short plantar ligament
e. long plantar ligament
f. plantar aponeurosis
g. intrinsic plantar muscles
- flexor hallucis longus is muscle that wraps around ankle and goes to toe

front 26

what are the long boes that make up the arch/body of the foot

back 26

metatarsals

front 27

how many phalanges are tehre

back 27

14

two off big toe, three off each of the rest

front 28

what are the phalanges

back 28

proximal and distal of big toe

proximal intermediate distal off the rest of the toes 2-5

front 29

what are the two odd bones in the muscle tendon at the head of the first metatarsal on plantar surface

back 29

sesamoid bones

front 30

what bones are buried in tendons of flexor hallucis brevis tendons

back 30

sesamoid bones

front 31

what is the purpose of the sesamoid bones

back 31

general frictional forces and change up the angle that flexor hallucis brevis inserts on big toe, giving it more of a mechanical advantage

front 32

what is important about the foot's general role

back 32

major supportive structure that bears weight whenever we stand up or use locomotion

front 33

what is the support function of the foot based on

back 33

three arches

front 34

what do the arches of the foot do?

back 34

act as shock absorbers
help support/distribute body weight
protect BVs
propel body when moving

front 35

why do people with flat feet have problems

back 35

nerves and arteries bothered and pinched

front 36

what are the arches of the foot

back 36

medial longitudinal arch
lateral longitudinal arch
transverse arch

front 37

where is the medial longitudinal arch

back 37

runs on medial longitudinal border of the foot

front 38

which arch of the foot does not make a footprint

back 38

medial longitudinal arch

front 39

where is the lateral longitudinal arch

back 39

on lateral longitudinal border of the foot, not as high as medial longitudinal arch so it makes a footprint

front 40

where is the transverse arch of the foot

back 40

arrangement of the metatarsal bones themselves

front 41

how do the bones of the arch provide passive support

back 41

due to how they are shaped and interlock structurally

front 42

what are the layers of fibrous tissue that provide passive support to the arches of the feet

back 42

plantar aponeurosis
long plantar ligament
short plantar ligament
plantar calcaneonavicular ligament

front 43

what is the function of the plantar aponeurosis

back 43

protects underlying tendons, muscles, nerves, BVs
has arch support function

front 44

what is the plantar aponeurosis

back 44

thickened portion of plantar fascia

functions to provide firm attachment for skin and thus improve grip

front 45

where does plantar aponeurosis run

back 45

calcaneus to heads of metatarsals and base of proximal phalanx

front 46

where does the long plantar ligament run

back 46

from calcaneous to metatarsals

front 47

what arches does the long plantar ligament support

back 47

both longitudinal arches

front 48

what layer of the fibrous tissue runs deep to the long plantar ligament

back 48

short plantar ligament

front 49

what layer of fibrous tissue runs from the calcaneous to cuboid tarsal bones

back 49

short plantar ligaments

front 50

what is plantar fasciitis

back 50

inflammation of plantar fascia that makes weight bearing difficult

front 51

where does pain in plantar fasciitis usually originate

back 51

close to calcaneus

front 52

what can sometimes develop in plantar fasciitis

back 52

heel spur

front 53

how can plantar fasciitis be helped

back 53

exercise and stretching of gastroc and soleus

severe cases: corticosteroids but this can wear it away too so be careful

front 54

what layer of fibrous tissue provides the main support to the medial longitudinal arch

back 54

plantar calcaneonavicular ligament

front 55

which ligament is considered the spring ligament

back 55

plantar calcaneonavicular

front 56

which layer of fibrous tissue are stretched out over the course of the day

back 56

no data

front 57

what provides dynamic support to the arch

back 57

intrinsice muscles
active contractions of muscles

front 58

which muscles actively contract to support the arch

back 58

tibialis anterior
fibularis longus

front 59

what is the function of the tibialis anterior relative to the dynamic support of the arch

back 59

supports medial longitudinal arch

front 60

what is the function of the fibularis longus relative to dynamic support of the arch

back 60

cuts across transverse arch and wraps under plantar aspect of foot and supports that transverse arch

front 61

what are two types of foot shapes

back 61

pes planus
pes cavus

front 62

what is pes planus

back 62

flat feet

front 63

is pes planus common?

back 63

yes, one reason that people are exempt from army

front 64

what are two types of pes planus

back 64

supple
rigid

front 65

what is supple pes planus like

back 65

when foot not weight bearing, their arch looks normal; when weight bearing it flattens out as passive and active supports give way

front 66

what is rigid pes planus due to

back 66

bone alignment fitting a certain way

front 67

what is pes cavus and what is it from

back 67

abnormally high arch

due to tight dynamic support

front 68

where do problems in the feet often manifest themselves

back 68

pain in other joints/muscles that usually do not bear stress

front 69

what do the muscles on the dorsum of the foot do

back 69

extend the toes

front 70

what are the muscles of the dorsum of the foot innervated by

back 70

deep fibular nerve

front 71

what artery supplies the dorsum of the foot

back 71

dorsalis pedis artery

front 72

what eventually becomes the dorsalis pedis artery

back 72

femoral to popliteal to anterior tibial to dorsalis pedis artery

front 73

what is the action of the extensor hallucis brevis

back 73

big toe extensor

front 74

what is the action of the extensor digitorum brevis

back 74

extensor of toes 2-5

front 75

what is an important division line on the plantar side of the foot

back 75

central axis of the foot, bisects 2nd toe and goes to calcaneus

front 76

what are two terminal branches of the tibial nerve

back 76

medial and lateral plantar nerve

front 77

what nerves supply the plantar side of the food

back 77

medial and lateral plantar nerves

front 78

back 78

a. extensor digitorum brevis
b. extensor hallucis brevis

front 79

what is in the first (superficial) layer of muscles of the plantar side of the foot made of

back 79

two abductors and a flexor

front 80

what is included in the first layer of muscles on the plantar side of the foot

back 80

abductor hallucis
flexor digitorum brevis
abductor digiti minimi

front 81

back 81

a. abductor digiti minimi
b. flexor digitorum brevis
c. abductor hallucis

front 82

what innervates the abductor hallucis

back 82

medial plantar nerve

front 83

what innnervates the flexor digitorum brevis

back 83

medial plantar nerve

front 84

what innervates the abductor digiti minimi

back 84

lateral plantar nerves

front 85

what is between the first and second layer of plantar muscles

back 85

plantar nerves and plantar BVs

front 86

what is within the second layer of plantar side foot muscles

back 86

two muscles, two tendons

front 87

what muscles are within the second layer of plantar side foot muscles

back 87

quadratus plantae
lumbricals

front 88

back 88

a. lumbricals
b. quadratus plantae
c. tendon of flexor digitorum longus
d. tendon of flexor hallucis longus

front 89

back 89

flexor digiti minimi (3rd layer, looks out of place)

front 90

what tendons are within the second layer of plantar side foot muscles

back 90

tendon of flexor hallucis longus
tendon for flexor digitorum longus

front 91

what innervates the quadratus plantae

back 91

LPN

front 92

what innervates the first lumbrical

back 92

MPN

front 93

what innervates the 2-5 lumbricals

back 93

LPN

front 94

what do the lumbricals do

back 94

flex proximal phalanges and extend intermediate and distal phalanges

front 95

where does the quadratus plantae run

back 95

from heel to tendons of flexor hallucis longus

front 96

what is interesting abuot quadratus plantae

back 96

only in lower limb because quadratus plantae pulls on toes so that they don't curl at an angle but straightforward

front 97

what do the lumbricals attach to

back 97

flexor digitorum tendons, run to digits

front 98

what do lumbricals mean

back 98

wormlike

front 99

where are the tendon of flexor hallucis longus and tendon of flexor digitorum longus from

back 99

from leg

front 100

what is in the third layer of plantar muscles of the foot

back 100

one adductor, two flexors

front 101

what are teh msucles in the third layer of plantar muscles in the foot

back 101

flexor hallucis brevis
adductor hallucis
flexor digiti minimi brevis

front 102

back 102

a. transverse head of adductor hallucis
b. oblique head of adductor hallucis
c. flexor hallucis brevis

front 103

what is the role of the flexor hallucis brevis

back 103

flexes proximal phalanx of first toe

front 104

what is the action of the adductor hallucis

back 104

active during pushoff phase of gait

pulls toes 2-5 and holds transverse arch stable

front 105

where does the flexor hallucis brevis insert

back 105

two sesamoid bones

front 106

what innervates the flexor hallucis brevis

back 106

MPN

front 107

what is interesting about the adductor hallucis

back 107

has two muscle heads, looks like a 7

front 108

what innervates the adductor hallucis

back 108

LPN

front 109

what innervates the flexor digiti minimi brevis

back 109

LPN

front 110

what is included in the fourth layer of the plantar side of the foot

back 110

many short muscles and two tendons

front 111

back 111

a. plantar interossei
b. dorsal interossei

front 112

what is the action of the plantar interossei

back 112

adduction of toes

front 113

how many plantar interossei are there

back 113

3

front 114

are the plantar interossei unipennate or dipennate

back 114

unipennate

front 115

whta is the actin of the dorsal interossei

back 115

abduction of toes

front 116

how many dorsal interossei are tehre

back 116

4

front 117

are dorsal interossei unipennate or dipennate

back 117

bipennate

front 118

what are the short muscles that run in between the metatarsals

back 118

interossei

front 119

how many plantar interossei are there

back 119

three

front 120

how mnay dorsal interossei are there

back 120

four

front 121

what are the two tendons of fourth layer of the plantar side of the foot

back 121

tendon of fibularis longus

tendon of tibialis posterior

front 122

what are the muscles that are in the fourth layer of the plantar side of the foot

back 122

plantar and dorsal interossei

front 123

what artery supplies the dorsum of the foot

back 123

dorsalis pedis artery

front 124

what areter does the dorsalis pedis artery give off distally

back 124

arcuate artery

front 125

what does the dorsalis pedis artery come off of

back 125

anterior tibial artery

front 126

what comes off the arcuate artery

back 126

deep plantar artery that passes to plantar aspect of foot and small digital branches

front 127

back 127

a. deep plantar artery
b. dorsalis pedis artery
c. anterior tibial artery

front 128

what is the path of the deep plantar artery

back 128

goes between toes 1 and 2

front 129

where is the dorsalis pedis artery from

back 129

anterior tibial artery

front 130

what is the course of the dorsalis pedis artery

back 130

sends branch to plantar side of foot, anastamoses with some plantar BVs and terminates between first and second toe

front 131

where is the palpable dorsalis pedis pulse

back 131

distal to extensor retinaculum and just laeral to tendon for extensor hallucis longus

front 132

what is the dorsalis pedis artery checked for

back 132

arterial insufficiency

front 133

how much of the populatin have a weak or absent dorsalis pedis artery

back 133

10%

front 134

what is the smaller branch of the posterior tibial artery

back 134

medial plantar artery

front 135

what does the medial plantar artery supply

back 135

medial plantar side of foot

front 136

what is the larger branch of the posterior tibial artery

back 136

lateral plantar artery

front 137

back 137

a. deep plantar artery
b. plantar arch
c. medial plantar artery
d. lateral plantar artery
e. posterior tibial artery

front 138

what supplies most of the plantar side of the foot

back 138

lateral plantar artery

front 139

what is the plantar arterial arch a union of

back 139

lateral plantar artery and deep plantar artery (from dorsalis pedis)

front 140

what gives off the digital arteries

back 140

plantar arterial arch

front 141

does the cutaneous information of the foot follow the central axis rule

back 141

nope

front 142

what does the saphenous nerve supply

back 142

medial side of dorsum to first metatarsal

front 143

what does the superficial fibular nerve supply

back 143

dorsum of foot and parts of digits

front 144

what does the deep fibular nerve supply

back 144

between first and second digits

front 145

what does the medial plantar nerve supply

back 145

medial plantar side of foot and first 3.5 digits

front 146

what does the lateral plantar nerve supply

back 146

lateral plantar side of foot and last 1.5 digits

front 147

what does the sural nerve supply

back 147

very lateral side of foot

front 148

what does the tibial nerve supply

back 148

skin of heel

front 149

back 149

a. sural nerve
b. deep fibular nerve
c. superficial fibular nerve
d. deep fibular nerve
e. sural nerve
f. saphenous nerve

front 150

back 150

a. tibial nerve
b. sural nerve
c. lateral plantar nerve
d. medial plantar nerve