Modern biological classification began with:

Carl Linnaeus.

Which of the following statements about Linnaeus is FALSE?

He developed a “shorthand” designation for each species consisting of a single word.

The binomial for poison ivy is Toxicodendron radicans. To what genus does this plant belong?

Toxicodendron

The binomial for the coast redwood is Sequoia sempervirens. What is the species name of this plant?

Sequoia sempervirens

Which of the following statements about the naming of species and varieties is FALSE?

The varieties of a species that includes the type specimen is named by repeating the specific epithet.

Which of the following lists the taxonomic categories in the correct hierarchy, from most to least inclusive, under kingdom?

Phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Cattleya is one genus in the Orchidaceaea, the orchid family. In this example:

Cattleya and Orchidaceae are taxa.

The term “phylum” is nomenclaturally equivalent to:

division.

The names of almost all plant families end in:

-aceae.

Phylogeny refers to the:

evolutionary history of an organism.

A natural classification system differs from an artificial classification system in that a natural classification system:

reflects the evolutionary relationships among organisms.

When the members of a taxon are all descendents of a common single ancestral species, the taxon is said to be:

monophyletic.

When the members of a group have two or more ancestors, that group is said to be:

polyphyletic.

Biological features that have a common origin, even if they have a different function, are said to be:

homologous.

The wing of a bird and the wing of an insect are:

analogous but not homologous.

Synapomorphies are:

shared derived characters.

In a cladogram, groups that terminate in adjacent branches are called:

sister groups.

The rule of parsimony states that:

cladograms should be constructed in the least complicated way.

Which of the following statements concerning the use of molecular data in systematics is FALSE?

Molecular data concerning the amino acid sequences of proteins are the most widely used.

Neutral mutations:

can be used to determine changes occurring in homologous genes since lineages diverged.

If you analyze the neutral mutations from two groups and find there are few differences in their nucleotide sequences, you would logically conclude that the two groups:

diverged relatively recently from a common ancestor.

Which of the following statements concerning chloroplast DNA is FALSE?

It contains more nucleotides than the mitochondria.

Which of the following statements concerning the rcbL gene is FALSE?

It is a rapidly evolving gene.

The DNA barcode used for animals is _____, and for plants the DNA barcode is ______.

CO1; rbcL or matK

The three domains of organisms are the:

Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya

The eukaryotes are divided into _____ supergroups.

7

According to the serial endosymbiotic theory, chloroplasts evolved from:

bacteria.

By definition, an endosymbiont is an organism that:

lives within another, dissimilar organism.

Which of the following best indicates the correct sequence in which the evolution of these organelles occurred?

lysosome, mitochondrion, chloroplast

The endomembrane system of plant cells most likely evolved from:

portions of the plasma membrane.

The nucleus of plant cells most likely evolved from:

portions of the plasma membrane.

In the Vorticella/Chlorella endosymbiosis:

Chlorella provides photosynthetic products for Vorticella.

In the course of evolution of eukaryotic cells, some mitochondrial DNA was transferred to:

the host cell’s nucleus.

In secondary endosymbiosis, a ______ is engulfed by a eukaryotic host.

cell containing a primary plastid

A eukaryotic, multicellular organism that absorbs its food belongs to the kingdom:

Fungi.

A multicellular organism that ingests its food belongs to the kingdom:

Animalia.

Water molds and slime molds are included in the _____ group.

protist

_____ are a paraphyletic group of eukaryotic organisms that are unicellular, colonial or multicellular.

Protists

Multicellular eukaryotes that have an embryo during the sporophyte phase belong to the kingdom:

Plantae.

Which of the following describes zygotic meiosis?

The zygote is the only diploid cell in the life cycle.

Which of the following describes sporic meiosis?

It is characteristic of organisms having an alternation of generations.

The gametophyte:

occurs in organisms having sporic meiosis.

Life cycles in which the haploid and diploid forms are similar in external appearance are said to have ______ generations.

isomorphic

One clear evolutionary trend in the vascular plants is the increasing dominance of:

the sporophyte.

Systematics is the science of identifying, naming, and classifying organisms.

FALSE

In the name Lactuca biennis, “biennis” is called the specific epithet.

TRUE

A variety can be considered equivalent to a subspecies.

TRUE

Similar families are next grouped into an order.

TRUE

When classifying maize, the maize class contains more individuals than the maize family.

TRUE

In natural taxa, all members are descended from the same ancestral species.

TRUE

Polyphyletic taxa contain members descended from more than one ancestral line.

TRUE

Foliage leaves and floral parts are analogous, rather than homologous, structures.

FALSE

An outgroup is a group closely related to the study group but not a member of that group.

TRUE

A cladogram indicates which group gave rise to other groups.

FALSE

Chloroplast DNA is unique in that it lacks inverted repeats.

FALSE

DNA barcoding is used to identify plant species.

TRUE

The prokaryotic domains are the Bacteria and Archaea.

TRUE

The domain is the highest taxonomic category.

TRUE

Researchers now hypothesize that the protists belong to the Kingdom Protista.

FALSE

Taxonomically, a supergroup lies between a kingdom and a phylum.

FALSE

According to the endosymbiotic theory, mitochondria evolved from an alpha-proteobacterium.

TRUE

According to the endosymbiotic theory, chloroplasts evolved from cyanobacteria.

TRUE

An example of secondary endosymbiosis is a eukaryotic host engulfing a cyanobacterial cell.

FALSE

Fungi are more closely related to plants than to animals.

FALSE

Viridiophytes is a clade containing the green algae, mosses, and vascular plants.

TRUE

The first eukaryotes were probably haploid, asexual organisms.

TRUE

Heteromorphic generations are characteristic of all organisms having an alternation of generations.

FALSE

Which of the following statements concerning the bryophytes is FALSE?

Some can grow in high-salinity salt water.

Bryophytes are a group of organisms at the transition between:

green algae and vascular plants.

Bryophytes share all of the following features with charophytes except:

the presence of archegonia.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic shared by bryophytes and vascular plants?

retention of the embryo within an antheridium

Which of the following statements about bryophytes is FALSE?

The cell walls of their water-conducting cells are lignified.

Which of the following statements about bryophytes is also FALSE?

They have rhizoids that absorb water and nutrients.

In bryophytes, rhizoids usually:

attach to the substrate

The evolutionary relatedness between green algae and bryophytes is indicated by the observation that green algae contain ______ plastid(s) per cell and the reproductive cells of many bryophytes contain ______ plastid(s) per cell.

1; 1

Which of the following statements about sexual reproduction in bryophytes is FALSE?

In the antheridium, the spermatogenous cells are “sterile.”

In bryophytes, fertilization takes places in the:

archegonium.

Matrotrophy refers to the:

nourishment of the zygote by the archegonium.

Which of the following statements concerning the transport of nutrients from the gametophyte to the embryo is FALSE?

Transport occurs via plasmodesmata.

The base of the bryophyte archegonium, called the ______, contains ______.

venter; a single egg

When the cells of the ________ disintegrate, they form a tube through which sperm move to the egg.

neck canal

The ________ is located between the sporophyte and gametophyte generations.

placenta

At maturity, the sporophyte of most bryophytes consists of the:

foot, seta, and capsule.

The ______ is embedded in the archegonium.

foot

Embryophytes are characterized by having:

a multicellular, matrotrophic embryo.

Which of the following statements about stomata is FALSE?

They occur in all bryophytes.

A major difference between the spore walls of bryophytes and charophytes is that the bryophyte spore walls contain:

sporopollenin.

Sporopollenin is found in _____ of the charophytes, in _____ of the bryophytes, and in ____ of the vascular plants.

zygotes; spores; spores

The two clades of liverworts are the _______ liverworts and the _______ liverworts.

complex thalloid; leafy liverworts and simple thalloid

Most liverworts develop close symbiotic associations with the:

glomeromycetes.

In contrast to the ventral portion, the dorsal portion of a thalloid liverwort:

contains chlorophyll.

______ is a liverwort that carries its gametangia on gametophores.

Marchantia

In Marchantia, the mature capsule contains:

spores and elaters only.

The function of elaters is to:

help disperse spores.

Leaves of leafy liverworts differ from those of mosses in that liverwort leaves:

are arranged in two rows with a third row of smaller leaves.

In the liverworts, an androecium is a:

short side branch bearing antheridia.

A perianth is characteristically found in the:

leafy liverworts.

Which of the following is NOT a group of mosses of phylum Bryophyta?

Club mosses

Peat mosses belong to the phylum ______, class ______.

Bryophyta; Sphagnidae

The genus ______ is characterized by capsules raised on a pseudopodium.

Sphagnum

The protonema of Sphagnum consists of ______ of cells.

a one-layer-thick plate

Hyaline cells are found in the _____ of ______.

leaves; Sphagnum

The granite mosses belong to the phylum ______, class ______.

Bryophyta; Andreaeidae

The protonema of Andreaea consists of ______ of cells.

two or more rows

The “true mosses” belong to the phylum ______, class ______.

Bryophyta; Bryidae

Hadrom contains:

water-conducting cells.

What is the function of hydroids?

conducting water

A peristome is a capsular structure characteristic of members of the phylum ______, class ______.

Bryophyta; Bryidae

Which of the following statements concerning hornworts is FALSE?

The sporophyte is covered with a cuticle but lacks stomata.

Anthoceros is an example of a:

hornwort.

Bryophytes are transitional between the charophycean algae and vascular plants.

TRUE

Bryophytes differ from charophytes in that bryophytes have asymmetrical motile cells.

FALSE

Both bryophytes and charophytes retain their multicellular embryos within the female gametophyte.

FALSE

Bryophytes were the first extant plant group to diverge from a monophyletic plant lineage.

TRUE

Bryophytes produce preprophase bands similar to those found in charophycean algae.

FALSE

In bryophytes, sperm must swim through water to reach the egg.

TRUE

The sporophyte epidermis of mosses contains stomata that resemble the stomata of vascular plants.

TRUE

When bryophyte spores germinate, they first form juvenile developmental stages called rhizoids.

FALSE

The upper portion of a thalloid liverwort is thinner than the lower portion.

TRUE

The sporophyte of Riccia is simpler in structure than the sporophyte of Marchantia.

TRUE

Antheridiophores and archegoniophores are distinctive features of Riccia and Ricciocarpus.

FALSE

Gemmae and gemma cups are directly involved in sexual reproduction.

FALSE

Ambuchanania and Sphagnum are the two genera in the class Sphagnidae.

TRUE

The protonema of Sphagnum is similar to thallus of Coleochaete.

TRUE

Hyaline cells are living cells with ringlike and spiral wall thickenings.

FALSE

Peat mosses normally release hydroxide ions, thereby raising the pH of their environment.

FALSE

Leptoids are somewhat similar to a type of food-conducting cells in vascular plants.

TRUE

In the Bryidae, gametophytes are borne on the sporophytes.

FALSE

The “cushiony” growth habit is characteristic of epiphytic mosses.

FALSE

The sporophytes of mosses are commonly associated with cyanobacteria.

TRUE

Despite a superficial resemblance between their gametophytes, hornworts and thallose liverworts are only distantly related.

TRUE

Some hornwort species form a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

TRUE

The sporophyte of Anthoceros lacks a seta.

TRUE

As long as conditions are favorable, the hornwort sporophyte continues to elongate due to the activity of an apical meristem.

FALSE

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic shared by bryophytes and vascular plants?

dominant gametophytes

In the evolution of vascular plants, there is a trend toward the:

increased protection of the gametophyte by the sporophyte.

The main tissue systems of the vascular plant are the ______ systems.

dermal, vascular, and ground

Which of the following statements about primary growth is FALSE?

It primarily leads to thickening of the plant body.

The cork cambium is a(n) ______ meristem that produces________.

lateral; periderm

The conducting cells of the phloem are called:

sieve elements.

Tracheids differ from vessel elements in that tracheids:

are less-specialized cells.

What do ALL steles have in common?

primary xylem and primary phloem

The siphonostele of ferns:

has leaf gaps.

Microphylls differ from megaphylls in that microphylls:

are associated with protosteles.

Which sequence of events most likely describes the evolution of megaphylls?

Dichotomous branching, overtopping, planation, webbing

Which of the following statements about reproduction in vascular plants is FALSE?

The gametophyte is structurally more complex than the sporophyte.

In ferns, antheridiogens induce antheridia in _______ gametophytes.

smaller, less mature

Heterospory differs from homospory in that heterospory involves:

gametophytes with endosporic development.

Which of the following is NOT an evolutionary trend in the vascular plants?

Increased prominence of antheridia and archegonia

The four major groups of vascular plants are:

I. monilophytes, lycophytes, and progymnosperms

II. flowering plants

III. rhyniophytes, zosterophyllophytes, and trimerophytes

IV. gymnosperms

Which of the following is the correct sequence—from earliest to most recent—of the time period in which they were dominant on Earth?

III, I, IV, II

Which of the following statements about the phylum Rhyniophyta is FALSE?

They were differentiated into stems, roots, and leaves.

Cooksonia, a member of the phylum ______, is the oldest known ______.

Rhyniophyta; vascular plant

The Zosterophyllophyta differ from the Rhyniophyta in that the Zosterophyllophyta:

produced lateral sporangia.

Members of the phylum ______ probably evolved directly from the rhyniophytes and most likely are the ancestors of the ferns and progymnosperms.

Trimerophytophyta

Which of the following statements about sporophylls in the club mosses is FALSE?

They are borne on the gametophyte.

In the club moss life cycle:

a gametophyte may produce a series of sporophytes.

Lycopodium differs from Selaginella and Isoetes in that Lycopodium:

lacks ligules.

In the Selaginella life cycle, the archegonia:

protrude through a rupture in the megaspore wall.

Which of the following statements about quillworts is FALSE?

They have a short, fleshy above-ground stem.

Which of the following is NOT one of the major lineages of the Monilophyta?

Zosterophyllopsida

The common name “fern” refers to which of the following groups.

Psilotopsida, Marattiopsida, and Polypodiopsida only

In contrast to a eusporangium, a leptosporangium:

arises from a single initial cell.

The innermost wall layer of a eusporangium is called the:

tapetum.

The annulus is most directly involved in:

discharging spores.

______ is a genus of phylum Monilophyta, order Ophioglossales.

Botrychium

Psilotum is a _______ fern belonging to the order _______.

eusporangiate; Psilotales.

Who am I? I am a eusporangiate fern belonging to the class Psilotopsida that has tiny leaves but no roots.

Tmesipteris

A eusporangiate fern with a leaf having two parts—a vegetative portion and a fertile portion—belongs to the:

genus Ophioglossum.

A rachis is a(n):

extension of the petiole.

The indusium of Polypodiopsida is a:

leaf outgrowth covering a sorus.

In a typical member of Polypodiopsida, the:

antheridia and archegonia form on the prothallus.

The prothallus of Polypodiopsida is a(n):

heart-shaped gametophyte.

Trichomanes speciosum is an example of a fern:

lacking a sporophyte stage.

The Marsileaceae and Salviniaceae differ from the other families of ferns in that the Marsileaceae and Salviniaceae:

are heterosporous.

An example of a water fern that produces bean-shaped sporocarps is:

Marsilea.

______ is a water fern that bears sporangia on submerged, rootlike leaves.

Salvinia

Carinal canals and conspicuously jointed stems are characteristic of the:

horsetails.

Which of the following statements about the Equisetum life cycle is FALSE?

Spore dispersal is facilitated by elaters similar to those of Marchantia.

The great height reached by some vascular plants was made possible by the evolution of the ability to synthesize lignin.

TRUE

The vascular tissue system is embedded in the ground tissue system.

TRUE

The vertical growth of the plant is an example of primary growth.

TRUE

Tracheary elements are the conducting cells of the xylem.

TRUE

Tracheids most likely evolved from vessel elements.

FALSE

A eustele has a pith, but a siphonostele does not.

FALSE

Microphylls are associated with stems possessing protosteles.

TRUE

The blade of a megaphyll contains only a single vein.

FALSE

Antheridiogens are water-soluble substances that affect sex expression.

TRUE

In angiosperms and most gymnosperms, the entire megagametophyte is the pollen grain.

FALSE

Three of the phyla of seedless vascular plants—Rhyniophyta, Zosterophyllophyta, and Trimerophytophyta—had become extinct by the end of the Devonian period.

TRUE

The zosterophyllophytes were most likely the ancestors of the lycophytes.

TRUE

In Lycopodium, the sporangia are borne on microsporophylls and megasporophylls.

FALSE

Selaginella is homosporous, with bisexual gametophytes.

FALSE

Each leaf of Isoetes is a potential sporophyll, capable of bearing either megasporangia or microsporangia.

TRUE

The thick trunk of tree ferns is due to the functioning of a vascular cambium.

FALSE

In a eusporangium, the initials divide by the formation of walls parallel to the surface.

TRUE

The tapetum of a leptosporangium consists of two layers.

TRUE

Psilotum has tiny leaves but lacks roots.

TRUE

Circinate vernation is a type of branching pattern in a megaphyll.

FALSE

Sporocarps are produced by members of the genus Marsilea.

TRUE

Horsetails are homosporous plants having jointed stems.

TRUE

In Equisetum, strobili are clustered into sporangiophores.

FALSE

A seed is composed of a(n) ______ and ______.

ovule; embryo

In seed plants, the ______ is called the nucellus.

megasporangium

Which of the following was NOT a step in the evolution of the ovule?

Production of only four megaspore mother cells per megasporangium

A micropyle is a(n):

opening in an integument.

With the evolution of the ovule, the unit of dispersal shifted from the megaspore to the:

seed.

The fossil record indicates that the integument evolved through a gradual:

fusion of integumentary lobes.

Just before fertilization, a gymnosperm ovule contains:

archegonia.

After fertilization, the integuments develop into the:

seed coat.

Which of the following is NOT a gymnosperm phylum?

Anthophyta

Seed plants evolved most directly from:

progymnosperms.

The progymnosperms had characteristics intermediate between those of the ______ and those of the ______.

seedless vascular trimerophytes; seed plants

Which of the following questions concerning the progymnosperms is FALSE?

Most were heterosporous.

Which extinct gymnosperms resembled modern cycads?

Bennettitales

Which of the following statements about gymnosperms is FALSE?

The male gametophyte produces several antheridia.

In gymnosperms, pollination occurs usually by:

wind.

______ produce nonmotile sperm.

Conifers and gnetophytes

In which of the following groups is the pollen tube haustorial?

Cycads and Ginkgo

In which gymnosperms do multiflagellated sperm swim to an archegonium?

Ginkgo and cycads

Polyembryony is common in gymnosperms because a(n):

megagametophyte produces several archegonia.

Which of the following statements about conifers is FALSE?

Their leaves have humidity-resistant features.

Which of the following statements about pine leaves is FALSE?

They are arranged in indeterminate bundles called fascicles.

The longest-lived tree is:

bristlecone pine.

In the pine life cycle, meiosis occurs in:

microsporocytes.

The daughter cells produced by a microsporocyte are:

microspores.

In pines, the immature male gametophyte consists of:

two prothallial cells, one generative cell, and one tube cell.

The seed-scale complex of an ovulate cone consists of:

an ovuliferous scale, two ovules, and one bract.

In pines, a megaspore mother cell divides to give rise to four ______, of which ______ disintegrate(s).

megaspores; three

Which of the following statements concerning pollination drops is FALSE?

They prevent pollen grains from contacting the nucellus.

In pines, the generative cell of the male gametophyte divides to produce:

one sterile cell and one spermatogenous cell.

In pines, the mature male gametophyte consists of:

two prothallial cells, one tube cell, one sterile cell, and two sperm.

Which of the following statements about the embryogeny of pine is FALSE?

Three types of polyembryony occur in most species.

In a conifer seed, the three different generations are represented by the:

seed coat, embryo, and food supply.

Which of the following statements about pine seeds is FALSE?

They are often shed from the cones during the first year following pollination.

In the ______, ovules are solitary and surrounded by an aril.

yews

The tallest living plant is:

Sequoiadendron semperiverens.

_________ is a conifer regarded as a “living fossil.”

Metasequoia

Palmlike gymnosperms belong to the phylum:

Cycadophyta.

Which of the following gymnosperms is a cycad native to the United States?

Zamia

Which phylum is characterized by having coralloid roots?

Cycadophyta

Which of the following statements about cycads is FALSE?

They produce nonflagellated sperm.

Gymnosperms having fan-shaped deciduous leaves belong to the phylum:

Ginkgophyta.

Members of the phylum ______ harbor a green alga that exists in a “precursor” state, having neither discernible nuclei nor mitochondria.

Ginkgophyta

______ is a gnetophyte characterized by two strap-shaped leaves growing from a massive woody disk.

Welwitschia

The gymnosperms most closely resembling angiosperms belong to the phylum:

Gnetophyta.

All seed plants are heterosporous.

TRUE

A seed develops into an ovule.

FALSE

A micropyle is the opening in a microsporangium.

FALSE

The progymnosperms were unique among the woody plants of the Devonian period in producing secondary phloem.

TRUE

Seeds are thought to have evolved before wood.

FALSE

The bifacial vascular cambium evolved first in the progymnosperms.

TRUE

The Bennettitales is an extinct group of gymnosperms.

TRUE

The pollen grain is a partly developed megagametophyte.

FALSE

The microgametophytes of Gymnosperms usually produce at least one antheridium.

FALSE

Each gymnosperm ovule usually produces several archegonia.

TRUE

The pollen tube originally developed as a structure that permitted the male gametophyte to absorb nutrients during sperm formation.

TRUE

The tallest vascular plant belongs to the phylum Coniferophyta.

TRUE

In pines, materials are conducted between the mesophyll and the vascular bundles via transfusion tissue.

TRUE

Microspore mother cells divide by mitosis, producing microsporocytes.

FALSE

In Pinus, the four-celled pollen grain consists of one prothallial cell, two generative cells, and one tube cell.

FALSE

In gymnosperms, the ovules abort about 95 percent of the time.

TRUE

In Pinus, when the generative cell divides it produces one sterile cell and two spermatogenous cells.

FALSE

In pine, the mature microgametophyte is the germinated pollen grain.

TRUE

In conifer seeds, the food supply is diploid.

FALSE

In conifer seeds, the food supply is diploid.

TRUE

Cyanobacteria typically inhabit coralloid roots.

TRUE

In cycads and Ginkgo, male and female gametophytes are produced on the same plant.

FALSE

The exposed part of Welwitschia consists of a concave disc that produces only two strap-shaped leaves.

TRUE

Gnetum and Welwitschia, but not Ephedra, resemble angiosperms in lacking archegonia.

TRUE

Which of the following statements about the shoot and root apical meristems is FALSE?

They generate cells that give rise to roots, stems, leaves, and flowers.

In contrast to derivatives, initials:

give rise to more initials and derivatives.

Which of the following statements about primary growth is FALSE?

It results in the thickening of the stem and root.

When a botanist uses the word “indeterminate,” she is referring to the:

unlimited growth of the apical meristems.

Most of the growth of a plant body is the result of:

cell enlargement.

Morphogenesis refers to:

the acquisition of a particular shape.

The developmental fate of a plant cell is determined mostly by:

its final position.

____________ refers to the phenomenon whereby a cell becomes increasingly committed to a course of development that weakens its ability to resume growth.

Determination

The three tissue systems of vascular plants are:

the dermal, vascular, and ground tissue systems.

From which primary meristem does sclerenchyma develop?

ground meristem

In a eudicot stem, ______ is the ground tissue external to the system of vascular strands and ______ is the ground tissue internal to these strands.

cortex; pith

______ is a simple tissue, and ______ is a complex tissue.

Collenchyma; xylem

The rays found in secondary vascular tissue consist of:

parenchyma cells.

Which of the following statements about parenchyma cells is FALSE?

They lack secondary walls.

Cells that are totipotent, play an important role in wound healing, and initiate adventitious structures are:

parenchyma cells.

The role of transfer cells is to:

facilitate the movement of solutes over short distances.

______ tissue is composed of cells having unevenly thickened primary walls.

Collenchyma

______ is the typical supporting tissue of growing stems, leaves, and floral parts.

Collenchyma

Which of the following statements about sclerenchyma cells is FALSE?

They strengthen plant parts that are still elongating.

The two types of ______ cells are fibers and sclereids.

sclerenchyma

______ are types of tracheary elements.

Tracheids and xylem parenchyma

Perforation plates are characteristic of the ______ of ______.

vessel elements; angiosperms

One role of pit membranes in tracheids is to:

trap air bubbles.

By definition, metaxylem is ______ protoxylem.

formed after

An example of programmed cell death is the differentiation of:

tracheary elements.

In vascular plants, food is conducted through:

sieve cells and sieve-tube elements only.

Which of the following statements about sieve cells is FALSE?

They are interconnected to form sieve tubes.

Callose is a ______ deposited in the ______ of sieve elements.

carbohydrate; pores

A cell that is alive at maturity but lacks a nucleus and certain organelles is the:

sieve element.

During the differentiation of sieve-tube elements, which of the following does not disintegrate?

endoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following statements about P-protein is FALSE?

In undisturbed cells, it plugs the sieve-plate pores.

Which of the following statements about forisomes is FALSE?

They seal the sieve-plate pores in undisturbed sieve tubes.

The parenchyma cells that are developmentally related to the ______ of angiosperms are called ______.

sieve-tube elements; companion cells

The _____ is thought to supply the sieve-tube element with essential molecules.

companion cell

Albuminous cells are thought to have the same function as:

companion cells.

Which of the following statements concerning the epidermis is FALSE?

Stomata are epidermal cells.

Stomata are the ______ between ______.

pores; guard cells

A subsidiary cell is most closely associated with which of the following?

guard cells

Which of the following is NOT a function of trichomes?

providing structural support

Which of the following is NOT part of the periderm?

epidermis

The cork cambium produces ______ on its outer surface and ______ on its inner surface.

cork; phelloderm

Primary growth refers to growth of the embryo; secondary growth refers to growth of the seedling.

FALSE

Developmental plasticity refers to the sum total of events that progressively form a plant’s body.

FALSE

The increase in the size of most plants results more from cell division than from cell enlargement.

FALSE

The fate of a plant cell is determined solely by the genes in its chromosomes.

FALSE

The ability of a leaf cell to develop in response to light is an example of competency.

TRUE

In general, vascular tissues are embedded within ground tissue, and the dermal tissue forms a surrounding layer.

TRUE

In the stem of a eudicot, cortex is the tissue internal to the vascular strands.

FALSE

An example of a simple tissue is xylem.

FALSE

Parenchyma cells are usually dead at maturity.

FALSE

Parenchyma cells are totipotent.

TRUE

Parenchyma can store water.

TRUE

Collenchyma is composed of elongated cells that have unevenly thickened primary walls.

TRUE

Hemp, jute, and flax are composed of sclerenchyma cells.

TRUE

Sclereids are sclerenchyma cells that are generally long and slender.

FALSE

Vessel elements have perforation plates, but tracheids do not.

TRUE

Tracheids are tracheary elements found in angiosperms but not gymnosperms.

FALSE

Obstruction of water flow by air bubbles is more likely to occur in vessel elements than in tracheids.

TRUE

Sieve-tube elements lack sieve plates.

FALSE

Unlike wound callose, definitive callose is deposited at the sieve areas and sieve plates of senescing sieve elements.

TRUE

Sieve elements must be living in order to transport food.

TRUE

Forisomes can change from a resting stage to a dispersed stage.

TRUE

A companion cell and its associated sieve-tube element are derived from the same mother cell.

TRUE

The walls of epidermal cells on the aerial parts of the plant are covered with a waxy cuticle.

TRUE

By regulating stomata, guard cells control the movement of gases into and out of the plant.

TRUE

An example of a trichome is a root hair.

TRUE

The epidermis replaces the periderm in stems and roots undergoing secondary growth.

FALSE

The phellem produces both cork and phelloderm.

FALSE