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CHAPTER 26 & 27 FINAL REVIEW

front 1

Where do sperm aquire their motility ?

back 1

Epididymis

front 2

This gland is located just inferior to urinary bladder?

back 2

Prostate gland

front 3

The ureter is anchored to the anterior body wall by?

back 3

The round ligament

front 4

Which does not contribute fluid to semen?

back 4

Epididymis

front 5

Which contains the urethra?

back 5

corpus spongiosum

front 6

Spermatogenesis requires which hormones?

back 6

LH

FSH

Testosterone

front 7

In which sinus is milk stored?

back 7

Lactiferous Sinuses

front 8

Follicle cells are part of?

back 8

Primordial Follicles

front 9

What is the posterior portion of the uterus called?

back 9

Fundus

front 10

What has fimbrea?

back 10

Uterin tubes

front 11

Where is sperm stored?

back 11

Epididymis synthesized in testes

front 12

The path urine takes after it is formed until it leaves the body is the urethra, urinary bladder, and finally the ureter.

T/F

back 12

F

front 13

Water reabsorption through the proximal convoluted tubule is termed obligatory water reabsorption, whereas water reabsorption through the distal convoluted tubule is termed facultative water reabsorption.

T/F

back 13

T

front 14

The position of the kidneys behind the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity is described by the term retroperitoneal.

T/F

back 14

T

front 15

The entire responsibility for urine formation lies with the nephron.

T/F

back 15

T

front 16

Both the male and female urethras serve both the urinary and the reproductive systems.

T/F

back 16

F

front 17

The act of emptying the bladder is called voiding.

T/F

back 17

T

front 18

Glomerular filtration is an ATP-driven process.

T/F

back 18

F

front 19

In the absence of hormones, the distal tubule and collecting ducts are relatively impermeable to water.

T/F

back 19

T

front 20

The collecting duct is impermeable to water in the presence of ADH.

T/F

back 20

F

front 21

The urethra contains an internal sphincter of smooth muscle.

T/F

back 21

T

front 22

Angiotensin II is a substance made by the body to lower blood pressure during stress.

T/F

back 22

F

front 23

Aldosterone is a hormone that causes the renal tubules to reclaim sodium ions from the filtrate.

T/F

back 23

T

front 24

Blood pressure in the renal glomerulus is lower than in most parts of the body in order to conserve body water.

T/F

back 24

F

front 25

The proximal convoluted tubule is the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct.

T/F

back 25

F

front 26

Urea is reabsorbed in the nephron loop.

T/F

back 26

F

front 27

Incontinence is the inability to control voluntary micturition.

T/F

back 27

T

front 28

The myogenic mechanism reflects the tendency of vascular smooth muscle to stretch.

T/F

back 28

F

front 29

An excessive urine output is called anuria.

T/F

back 29

F

front 30

Tubular secretion is effective in controlling blood pH.

T/F

back 30

T

front 31

The trigone is so named because of the shape of the urinary bladder.

T/F

back 31

F

front 32

Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits sodium reabsorption.

T/F

back 32

T

front 33

The macula densa cells are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in the urea content of the filtrate.

T/F

back 33

F

front 34

Blood in the urine may be a symptom of bladder cancer.

T/F

back 34

T

front 35

Obligatory water reabsorption involves the movement of water along an osmotic gradient.

T/F

back 35

T

front 36

Having a kinked ureter is called renal ptosis.

T/F

back 36

F

front 37

Fetal kidneys have the primary responsibility of clearing wastes from the fetal blood.

T/F

back 37

F

front 38

Which of the following is the best explanation for why the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) contain so many mitochondria?

back 38

A great deal of active transport takes place in the PCT.

front 39

What is the best explanation for the microvilli on the apical surface of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

back 39

They increase the surface area and allow for a greater volume of filtrate components to be reabsorbed.

front 40

The thin segment of the nephron loop's descending limb ________.

back 40

aids in the passive movement of water out of the tubule

front 41

The relatively long half-life of lipid soluble hormones (steroid hormones) compared to water soluble hormones is due in part to the way that these hormones are passed into the filtrate from the glomerular capillaries. From the list below select the best explanation for why lipid soluble (steroid) hormones have a relatively long half-life.

back 41

Steroid hormones travel in the plasma on large transport proteins that cannon pass through the filtration membrane.

front 42

The presence of protein in the urine indicates which of the following?

back 42

damage to the filtration membrane

front 43

Hydrostatic pressure is the primary driving force of plasma through the filtration membrane into the capsular space. All but one of the following statements reflects why hydrostatic pressure is so high in the glomerular capillaries. Select the one statement that does not explain the high pressure within the glomerular capillaries.

back 43

The volume of plasma in the efferent arteriole is higher when compared to the afferent arteriole.

front 44

Cells and transport proteins are physically prevented from passing through the filtration membrane. This has the following effect on filtration.

back 44

increasing osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries that reduces the amount of filtration

front 45

If the diameter of the afferent arterioles leading to the glomerulus increases (vasodilation) which of the following is not likely to occur?

back 45

Systemic blood pressure will go up.

front 46

If the diameter of the efferent arterioles leading away from the glomerulus increases (vasodilation) which of the following is not likely to occur?

back 46

Systemic blood pressure will decrease.

front 47

If the diameter of the afferent arterioles leading to the glomerulus decreases (vasoconstriction) which of the following is not likely to occur?

back 47

Systemic blood pressure will decrease.

front 48

If the diameter of the efferent arterioles leading away from the glomerulus decrease (vasoconstriction) which of the following is not likely to occur?

back 48

Systemic blood pressure will go up.

front 49

If the glomerular mesangial cells contract, reducing the overall surface area of the glomerulus which of the following is not likely to occur?

back 49

Systemic blood pressure will be lowered.

front 50

If blood pressure drops very low (MAP is below 80mmHg) renin enzyme will be secreted by granular cells. Which of the following is not likely to occur?

back 50

Kidney perfusion will increase

front 51

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic controls of the kidney?

back 51

Extrinsic controls have the greatest effect on systemic blood pressure while intrinsic control have a greater effect on GFR.

front 52

Reabsorption of nutrients like glucose and amino acids takes place in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) via cotransporters that utilize secondary active transport. Which of the following would stop the reabsorption of glucose at the apical surface of the cells in the PCT?

back 52

loss of Na+-K+ ATPase in the basolateral surface of PCT cells

front 53

Bulk flow of nutrients, ions and water into the peritubular capillaries is the result of all of the following except one. Select the answer below that does not describe a cause of bulk flow of fluids into the peritubular capillaries.

back 53

leaky tight junctions of peritubular capillary's endothelium

front 54

The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________.

back 54

nephron loop

front 55

Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle?

back 55

a vasa recta

front 56

An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________.

back 56

increase in the production of ADH

front 57

The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium.

back 57

transitional

front 58

The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________.

back 58

by a decrease in the blood pressure

front 59

Which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system?

back 59

eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat

front 60

The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney.

back 60

arcuate

front 61

The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________.

back 61

is drained by an efferent arteriole

front 62

The descending limb of the nephron loop ________.

back 62

contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla

front 63

Select the correct statement about the ureters.

back 63

The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract.

front 64

The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it ________.

back 64

stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position

front 65

The renal corpuscle is made up of ________.

back 65

Bowman's capsule and glomerulus

front 66

The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________.

back 66

nephron

front 67

Which of the following does not describe the justaglomerular complex?

back 67

Its macula densa cells produce aldosterone.

front 68

The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________.

back 68

glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)

front 69

Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)?

back 69

the stretching of the bladder wall

front 70

The filtration membrane includes all except ________.

back 70

renal fascia

front 71

The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.

back 71

osmosis

front 72

Most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.

back 72

hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments

front 73

The macula densa cells respond to ________.

back 73

changes in Na+ content of the filtrate

front 74

Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule?

back 74

creatinine

front 75

The fluid in glomerular capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of ________.

back 75

plasma protein

front 76

Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________.

back 76

inhibits the release of ADH

front 77

The function of angiotensin II is to ________.

back 77

constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure

front 78

An important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is ________.

back 78

slightly higher than water

front 79

Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body.

1. major calyx

2. minor calyx

3. nephron

4. urethra

5. ureter

6. collecting duct

back 79

3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4

front 80

Select the correct statement about the nephrons.

back 80

The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium.

front 81

What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal?

back 81

Net filtration would decrease.

front 82

Which of the following is not a part of the juxtaglomerular complex?

back 82

podocyte cells

front 83

Which of the following is not true regarding tubular reabsorption?

back 83

It is a purely passive transport process.

front 84

Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by ________.

back 84

secondary active transport

front 85

Which of the choices below is a function of the nephron loop?

back 85

form a large volume of very dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine

front 86

Which of the following is the correct sequence of kidney development from embryo to fetus?

back 86

pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros

front 87

Which of the following best describes kidney function in older adults (70 years or older)?

back 87

Kidney function decreases due to kidney atrophy.

front 88

The factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the ________.

back 88

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

front 89

If the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the amino acid will ________.

back 89

appear in the urine

front 90

If one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does this mean?

back 90

Normally all the glucose is reabsorbed.

front 91

Excretion of dilute urine requires ________.

back 91

impermeability of the collecting tubule to water

front 92

Which of the choices below is not a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH?

back 92

by secreting sodium ions

front 93

In the ascending limb of the nephron loop the ________.

back 93

thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption

front 94

Select the correct statement about urinary system development.

back 94

Kidneys develop from urogenital ridges.

front 95

What is the most direct function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

back 95

help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys

front 96

Which of the choices below is the salt level-monitoring part of the nephron?

back 96

macula densa

front 97

Which of the hormones below is responsible for facultative water reabsorption?

back 97

ADH

front 98

Which of the choices below is not a glomerular filtration rate control method?

back 98

electrolyte levels

front 99

Which of the choices below are the most important hormone regulators of electrolyte reabsorption and secretion?

back 99

angiotensin II and aldosterone

front 100

Ovarian follicles contain mature eggs.

T/F

back 100

F

front 101

Sexually transmitted infections are the most important cause of reproductive disorders.

T/F

back 101

T

front 102

The testis is divided into seminiferous tubules which contain the lobules that produce sperm and the ejaculatory duct that allows the sperm to be ejected from the body.

T/F

back 102

F

front 103

The smaller cell produced by oogenesis meiosis I, called the first polar body, is essentially a packet of discarded nuclear material.

T/F

back 103

T

front 104

A human egg or sperm contains 23 pairs of chromosomes.

T/F

back 104

F

front 105

The Pap smear is a test to detect cancerous changes in cells of the cervix.

T/F

back 105

T

front 106

The adenohypophyseal hormone that triggers ovulation is estrogen.

T/F

back 106

F

front 107

Ovulation occurs near the end of the ovarian cycle.

T/F

back 107

F

front 108

The corpus luteum secretes progesterone only.

T/F

back 108

F

front 109

Female orgasm is required for conception.

T/F

back 109

F

front 110

The first sign of puberty in females is budding breasts.

T/F

back 110

T

front 111

The primary function of the testes is to produce testosterone.

T/F

back 111

F

front 112

The stage in meiosis where chromosomal exchange takes place is telophase.

back 112

F

front 113

The testes are innervated by the sympathetic division of the ANS only.

T/F

back 113

F

front 114

The soft mucosal lining of the uterus is the endometrium.

T/F

back 114

T

front 115

A scrotal muscle that contracts in response to cold environmental temperature is the cremaster

T/F

back 115

T

front 116

The secretions of the bulbourethral glands neutralize traces of acidic urine in the urethra and serve as a lubricant during sexual intercourse.

T/F

back 116

T

front 117

The zona pellucida is formed as the follicle becomes a secondary follicle.

T/F

back 117

T

front 118

The molecule that enhances the ability of testosterone to promote spermatogenesis is inhibin.

T/F

back 118

F

front 119

Sperm are ejaculated from the corpora cavernosa of the penis.

T/F

back 119

F

front 120

Sperm from the male parent determines the sex of the child.

T/F

back 120

T

front 121

Extremely stressful physical activity in young females can result in excessive bone mass due to large amounts of estrogen production.

T/F

back 121

F

front 122

All of the following things occur during meiosis I with the exception of one thing. Select the statement below that does not occur during meiosis I.

back 122

The sister chromatids are separated from each other.

front 123

Which of the following statements is true of metaphase I of meiosis I?

back 123

Homologous pairs align randomly on the spindle equator with a mix of paternal and maternal homologs destined for each of the daughter cells.

front 124

Select the statement below that is false.

back 124

Meiosis occurs only in stem cells while mitosis can occur in any of the body's cells.

front 125

Select the statement which is true regarding independent assortment.

back 125

It is a significant source of genetic variation only during meiosis I.

front 126

Select the statement which is false.

back 126

Crossing over is a source of genetic variability seen in meiosis while independent assortment is a source of genetic variability seen in mitosis.

front 127

All but one of the following statements are true regarding the differences between early and late spermatids. Select the answer below that does not reflect a difference between early and late spermatids.

back 127

Early spermatids have not undergone meiosis and are still diploid.

front 128

During spermiogenesis ________.

back 128

the acrosome migrates towards the anterior end of the spermatid because its hydrolytic enzymes will be needed for penetration when the sperm contacts the egg during fertilization

front 129

All but one of the events described below occur during spermiogenesis. Select the event that does not occur during spermiogenesis.

back 129

Mitochondrial DNA is packaged into the nucleus to be delivered to the egg during fertilization.

front 130

All but one of the following statements is true with regard to the blood testis barrier. Select the one statement that is false.

back 130

The barrier is made up of astrocytes that surround blood vessels in the testis.

front 131

All but one of the following statements is true of uterine function. Select the statement that is not true of uterine function.

back 131

The narrow portion of the uterus near the cervix is the most typical site of fertilization.

front 132

The oral contraceptive pill, informally called "the pill" contains an estrogen and progesterone or a synthetic mimic of this hormone. The combination of these two hormones taken in the pill and circulating in the blood work because.

back 132

The hormones cause the woman's body to mimic the activities of a pregnancy and disrupt the ovarian cycle, preventing ovulation.

front 133

All but one of the following statements describes the necessity of the blood testis barrier. Select the one statement that does not describe a necessity of the blood testis barrier.

back 133

Sperm can only be produced at temperatures lower than body temperature. Inflammation in the testis could raise the temperature too high to produce sperm.

front 134

The dartos and cremaster muscles are important to the integrity of the male reproductive system. Which of the following is true about the role they play?

back 134

They regulate the temperature of the testes.

front 135

The ability of sperm cells to move along the ductus deferens is due to ________.

back 135

peristaltic contractions

front 136

The most important risk for testicular cancer in young males is ________.

back 136

failure of the testis to make their normal decent

front 137

Which of the following glands are responsible for 70% of the synthesis of semen?

back 137

the seminal vesicles

front 138

Which of the following hormones controls the release of anterior pituitary gonadotropins?

back 138

GnRH

front 139

The genetic determinate for male reproductive development is ________.

back 139

the SRY gene

front 140

The structures that receive the ovulated oocyte, providing a site for fertilization, are called the ________.

back 140

fallopian tubes

front 141

If gametes were diploid like somatic cells, how many chromosomes would the zygote contain?

back 141

Twice the diploid number, and with every succeeding generation, the chromosome number would continue to double and normal development could not occur.

front 142

Human egg and sperm are similar in that ________.

back 142

they have the same number of chromosomes

front 143

The constancy of the chromosome number from one cell generation to the next is maintained through ________.

back 143

meiosis

front 144

Fertilization generally occurs in the ________.

back 144

fallopian tubes

front 145

Which of the following female structures is homologous to the male scrotum?

back 145

labia majora

front 146

In humans, separation of the cells at the two-cell state following fertilization may lead to the production of twins, which in this case would be ________.

back 146

genetically identical

front 147

How do the testes respond to exposure to excessive body warmth?

back 147

They move away from the pelvic cavity.

front 148

Effects of estrogen include ________.

back 148

growth of the breasts at puberty

front 149

Secretion of progesterone stimulates ________.

back 149

preparation of the mammary glands for lactation

front 150

The cells that produce testosterone in the testis are called ________.

back 150

interstitial endocrine cells

front 151

Which of the following occurs as a result of undescended testes?

back 151

Inadequate or nonviable sperm will be produced.

front 152

Erection of the penis results from ________.

back 152

a parasympathetic reflex

front 153

Which is not a part of the proliferative phase of the female menstrual cycle?

back 153

corpus luteum

front 154

Which of the choices below is not a function of the vagina?

back 154

serves as a passageway for the primary oocyte

front 155

Select the correct statement about male sexual response.

back 155

Erection is the result of vascular spaces in the erectile tissues filling with blood.

front 156

Which of the choices below is not a function of testosterone?

back 156

stimulates mammary gland development

front 157

Which male hormone inhibits the secretion of FSH?

back 157

inhibin

front 158

During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle ________.

back 158

progesterone levels are at their highest

front 159

Select the correct statement about the uterine cycle.

back 159

If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the developing embryo.

front 160

Which of the choices below is not a part of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis?

back 160

thalamus

front 161

Which of the following statements is true concerning the mammary glands of both males and females?

back 161

The mammary glands are modified sweat glands that are actually part of the integumentary system.

front 162

Normally menstruation occurs when ________.

back 162

blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease

front 163

The basic difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that ________.

back 163

in oogenesis, one mature ovum is produced, and in spermatogenesis four mature sperm are produced from the parent cell

front 164

Occasionally three polar bodies are found clinging to the mature ovum. One came from an unequal division of the ovum, but from where did the other two arise?

back 164

The first polar body has also divided to produce two polar bodies.

front 165

Which of the following will occur after ovulation?

back 165

The endometrium enters its secretory phase.

front 166

Why doesn't semen enter the urinary bladder during ejaculation?

back 166

The smooth muscle sphincter at the base of the urinary bladder closes.

front 167

Spermatogenesis ________.

back 167

involves a kind of cell division limited to the gametes

front 168

Which hormone is the necessary trigger for ovulation to occur?

back 168

LH

front 169

The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis ________.

back 169

involves FSH and LH release

front 170

Select the correct statement about testosterone control.

back 170

GnRH from the hypothalamus causes FSH and LH release from the anterior pituitary.

front 171

Which of the following is a correct statement about uterine tubes?

back 171

The infundibulum is the funnel-shaped region near the ovary

front 172

Select the correct statement about the hormonal events of the ovarian cycle.

back 172

High estrogen levels result in a surge of LH release.

front 173

Which of these statements about sexually transmitted infections is false?

back 173

Syphilis is caused by a virus that may lead to death if untreated.

front 174

Which of the following statements about spermatogenesis is not true?

back 174

Each spermatid forms two sperm.

front 175

A boy who has not passed through puberty sustains an injury to his anterior pituitary such that FSH is no longer released, but LH is normal. After he grows to maturity, one would expect that he would ________.

back 175

be unable to produce viable sperm

front 176

Which of the following statements about the female reproductive process is not true?

back 176

Rebuilding the endometrium is under the control of prolactin.

front 177

A low secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the normal male adult would cause ________.

back 177

decreased testosterone secretion

front 178

All of the following statements referring to the uterine cycle are true except ________.

back 178

FSH and LH directly promote development of the uterine endometrium

front 179

Which of the following phases or processes in the monthly reproductive cycle of the female occur simultaneously?

back 179

regression of the corpus luteum and a decrease in ovarian progesterone secretion

front 180

The duct system of the male reproductive system includes all but which of the following?

back 180

corpus spongiosum

front 181

Prostate cancer is ________.

back 181

sometimes a slow-growing cancer that may never represent a threat to the patient

front 182

What is the purpose of the uterus?

back 182

Receive, retain, and nourish developing embryo

front 183

What does the Corpus Luteum do?

back 183

Secretes progesterone and some estrogen

front 184

When is the menstral phase?

back 184

Day 1-5 (low estrogen and progesterone in this phase)

*on day 5 growing follicles produce more estrogen

front 185

When is the proliferative (pre-ovulatory) phase?

back 185

Day 6-14

endometrium rebuilds itself during this time

on day 14 ovulation happens in response to sudden increase of LH

front 186

When is the secretory (post-ovulatory) phase?

back 186

Days 15-28

endometrium prepares for an embryo to implant. Increased progesterone from the corpus luteum

front 187

What do Myoid cells do?

back 187

Contract to push sperm out

front 188

What do interstitial cells (Leydig Cells) produce?

back 188

Androgens

front 189

When does crossover happen?

back 189

In prophase I

front 190

Where does cell division take place?

back 190

Telephase 1

front 191

What forms the blood testis barrier?

back 191

Sertoli cells (sustentacular cell)

front 192

What secretes 60% of of the volume of semen?

back 192

Seminal Vessicles

front 193

What produces thick clear mucus prior to ejaculation and lubricates the urethra?

back 193

Cowpers gladn (bulbo-urethral gland)

front 194

Nephrons are found mostly in?

back 194

Cortex

front 195

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

back 195

Nephron

front 196

What makes up the three layers of the filtration membrane?

back 196

Capillary endothelium

Basement membrane

Foot processes of podocytes

front 197

99% of reabsorption takes place where?

back 197

Proximal convoluted tubules

front 198

What are the only functions of the juxtamedullary nephrons?

back 198

Concentrate urine (water gets reabsorbed)