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KAAP310: The Urinary System
front 1 what is the main function of the kidneys (general) | back 1 major excretory organ, maintain the body's internal environment |
front 2 how do the kidneys maintain the body's internal environment | back 2 regulating total water volume and total solute concentration in water, regulating ion concentrations in ECF, ensuring long-term acid base balance, excreting metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs, producing erythropoietin and renin (regulate RBC production and BP respectively), activating vitamin D, and carrying out gluconeogenesis if needed |
front 3 what does the urinary system include | back 3 kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra |
front 4 transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder | back 4 ureters |
front 5 temporary storage reservoir for urine | back 5 urinary bladder |
front 6 transports urine out of the body | back 6 urethra |
front 7 location of the kidneys | back 7 retroperitoneal, in the superior lumbar region |
front 8 why is the right kidney lower than the left kidney | back 8 the right kidney is crowded by the liver |
front 9 where are the adrenal (suprarenal) glands | back 9 sitting atop each kidney |
front 10 which part of the kidney is convex and which is concave | back 10 convex lateral surface; concave medial surface with vertical renal hilum |
front 11 leads to internal space of the kidneys, renal sinus - ureters, renal blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves enter and exit here | back 11 renal hilum |
front 12 posterior view of the kidneys in relation to ribs | back 12  |
front 13 what are the 3 supportive tissue layers surrounding the kidneys | back 13  renal fascia (anterior and posterior), perirenal fat capsule, fibrous capsule |
front 14 what are the three distinct regions of the internal kidney | back 14 renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pelvis |
front 15 granular appearing superficial region | back 15 renal cortex |
front 16 deep to cortex, composed of cone shaped medullary (renal) pyramids | back 16 renal medulla |
front 17 what are the medullary (renal) pyramids structured like | back 17 broad base of pyramid faces cortex, papilla (tip of pyramid) points internally, renal pyramids are separated by renal columns, inward extensions of cortical tissue, lobe - medullary pyramid and its surrounding cortical tissue; about 8 lobes per kidney |
front 18 funnel-shaped tube continuous with ureter | back 18 renal pelvis |
front 19 what does the renal pelvis have | back 19 minor calyces, major calyces |
front 20 cup shaped areas that collect urine draining from pyramid papillae | back 20 minor calyces of renal pelvis |
front 21 areas that collect urine from minor calyces, empty urine into renal pelvis | back 21 major calyces of renal pelvis |
front 22 urine flow goes from what to what | back 22 renal pyramid -> minor calyx -> major calyx -> renal pelvis -> ureter |
front 23  label the renal cortex, renal medulla, major calyx, papilla of pyramid, renal pelvis, minor calyx, ureter, renal pyramid in renal medulla | back 23  |
front 24 homeostatic imbalance: infection of renal pelvis and calyces | back 24 pyelitis |
front 25 homeostatic imbalance: infection or inflammation of entire kidney, severe cases can cause swelling of kidney and abscess formation, and pus may fill renal pelvis | back 25 pyelonephritis |
front 26 pyelonephritis infections in females are usually caused by what | back 26 fecal bacteria entering urinary tract |
front 27 how are kidneys and blood related | back 27 kidneys cleanse blood and adjust its composition, so it has a rich blood supply |
front 28 what delivers about 1/4 of cardiac output to kidneys each minute | back 28 renal arteries |
front 29 arterial flow: | back 29 rena -> segmental -> interlobar -> arcuate -> cortical radiate (interlobular) |
front 30 venous flow: | back 30 cortical radiate -> arcuate -> interlobar -> renal veins (no segmental veins) |
front 31 nerve supply | back 31 via sympathetic fibers from renal plexus |
front 32  label the following: cortical radiate vein, cortical radiate artery, arcuate vein, arcuate artery, interlobar vein, interlobar artery, segmental arteries, renal vein, renal artery | back 32  |
front 33 structural and functional units that form urine | back 33 nephrons, more than 1 million nephrons per kidney |
front 34 two main parts of the nephron | back 34 renal corpuscle, renal tubule |
front 35 what are the two main parts of the renal corpuscle | back 35 glomerulus, glomerular capsule |
front 36 tuft of capillaries composed of fenestrated endothelium - highly porous capillaries, allows for efficient filtrate formation | back 36 glomerulus |
front 37 plasma-derived fluid that renal tubules process to form urine | back 37 filtrate |
front 38 what is also called the bowmans capsule | back 38 glomerular capsule |
front 39 cup shaped, hollow structure surrounding glomerulus | back 39 glomerular capsule |
front 40 two layers of the glomerular capsule | back 40 parietal layer and visceral layer |
front 41 which layer is simple squamous epithelium | back 41 parietal layer |
front 42 which layer clings to glomerular capillaries; branding epithelial podocytes | back 42 visceral layer |
front 43 extensions terminate in foot processes that cling to basement membrane, filtrate slits between foot processes allow filtrate to pass into capsular space | back 43 podocytes |
front 44 3 cm long, consists of single layer of epithelial cells, but each region has its own unique histology and function | back 44 renal tubule |
front 45 what are the three major parts of the renal tubule | back 45 proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule |
front 46 where does that distal convoluted tubule drain into | back 46 collecting duct |
front 47 cuboidal cells with dense microvilli that form brush border (increases surface area, have large mitochondria), functions in reabsorption and secretion, confined to cortex | back 47 proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) |
front 48 formerly called loop of henle, U shaped structure consisting of two limbs - descending and ascending | back 48 nephron loop |
front 49 proximal part is continuous with proximal tubule, distal portion also called descending thin limb, simple squamous epithelium | back 49 descending limb |
front 50 thick (but can be thin in some nephrons), cuboidal or columnar cells | back 50 ascending limb |
front 51 cuboidal cells with very few microvilli, function more in secretion than reabsorption, confined to cortex | back 51 distal convoluted tubule (DCT) |
front 52 receive filtrate from many nephrons, run through medullary pyramids, fuse together to deliver urine through papillae into minor calyces | back 52 collecting ducts |
front 53 what are the two major groups of nephrons | back 53 cortical and juxtamedullary |
front 54 make up 85% of nephrons, almost entirely in cortex | back 54 cortical nephrons |
front 55 long nephron loops deeply invade medulla, ascending limbs have thick and thin segments, important in production of concentrated urine | back 55 juxtamedullary nephrons |
front 56 renal tubules are associated with what two capillary beds | back 56 glomerulus, peritubular capillaries ... juxtamedullary nephrons are associated with vasa recta |
front 57 capillaries are specialized for filtration, different from other capillary beds because they are fed and drained by arteriole | back 57 glomerulus |
front 58 enters glomerulus, arises from cortical radiate arteries | back 58 afferent arteriole |
front 59 leaves glomerlus, feed into either peritubular capillaries or vasa recta | back 59 efferent arteriole |
front 60 why is BP high in glomerulus | back 60 afferent arterioles are larger in diameter than efferent arterioles, arterioles are high resistance vessels |
front 61 around the proximal and distal convoluted tubules, water and many solutes moves from tubules into peritubular capillaries; some solutes (not water) move from peritubular caps into tubules | back 61 peritubular capillaries |
front 62 long, thin walled vessels parallel to long nephron loops of juxtamedullary nephrons, function in formation of concentrated urine | back 62 vasa recta |
front 63 each nephron has 1, involves modified portions of distal portion of ascending limb of nephron loop and afferent (sometimes efferent) arteriole; important in regulating rate of filtrate formation and BP | back 63 juxtalomerular complex (JGC) |
front 64 what are the three things that JGC includes | back 64 macula densa, granular cells (JG cells), extraglomerular mesangial cells |
front 65 cells contain chemoreceptors that sense NaCl content of filtrate | back 65 macula densa |
front 66 enlarged, smooth muscle cells of arteriole, act as mechanoreceptors to sense BP in afferent arteriole | back 66 granular cells (Juxtaglomerular or JG cells) |
front 67 may pass signals between macula densa and granular cells | back 67 extraglomerular mesangial cells |
front 68 how many L of fluid is processed daily in the kidney | back 68 180 L |
front 69 how many L of urine is formed daily | back 69 1.5 L |
front 70 how many times per day do the kidneys filter the bodys entire plasma volume | back 70 60 times |
front 71 at rest, what % of oxygen used by the body is consumed by the kidneys | back 71 20-25% |
front 72 what is filtrate (produced by glomerular filtration) composed of | back 72 blood plasma minus proteins |
front 73 what is urine | back 73 <1% of original filtrate, contains metabolic wastes and unneeded substances |
front 74 what are the 3 processes involved in urine formation and adjustment of blood composition | back 74 1. glomerular filtration. 2. tubular reabsorption. 3. tubular secretion |
front 75 produces cell- and protein- free filtrate | back 75 glomerular filtration |
front 76 selectively returns 99% of substances from filtrate to blood in renal tubules and collecting ducts | back 76 tubular reabsorption |
front 77 selectively moves substances from blood to filtrate in renal tubules and collecting ducts | back 77 tubular secretion |
front 78 a passive process (no metabolic energy required), hydrostatic pressure forces fluids and solutes through filtration membrane into glomerular capsule, no reabsorption into capillaries of glomerulus occurs | back 78 glomerular filtration |
front 79 porous membrane between blood and interior of glomerular capsule, allows water and solutes smaller than plasma proteins to pass (normally no cells can pass) | back 79 the filtration membrane |
front 80 what are the three layers of the filtration membrane | back 80 fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillaries, basement membrane, foot processes of podocytes |
front 81 fused basal laminae of two other layers | back 81 basement membrane |
front 82 which layer of the filtration membrane has filtration slits? Slit diaphragms repel macromolecules | back 82 foot processes of podocytes |
front 83  label the following: efferent arteriole, afferent arteriole, glomerular capsular space, proximal convoluted tubule, parietal layer of glomerular capsule, glomerular capillary covered by podocytes that form the visceral layer of glomerular capsule | back 83  |
front 84  label the following: cytoplasmic extensions of podocytes, filtration slits, podocyle cell body, fenestratons (pores), glomerular capillary endothelium, foot processes of podocyte | back 84  |
front 85 forces that promote filtrate formation, hydrostatic pressure in glom capillaries is essentially glom BP | back 85 outward pressures |
front 86 forces inhibiting filtrate formation, hydrostatic pressure in capsular space, colloid osmotic pressure in capillaries | back 86 inward pressures |
front 87 sum of forces, pressure responsible for filtrate formation, main controllable factor determining GFR | back 87 net filtration pressure NFP |
front 88 NFP equation | back 88 (HPgc)-(HPcs+OPgc) outward-inward pressures |
front 89 volume of filtrate formed per minute by both kidneys (normal is 120-125ml/min) | back 89 GFR |
front 90 GFR is directly proportional to: | back 90 NFP, total surface area available for filtration, filtration membrane permeability |
front 91 how does GFR affect systemic BP | back 91 increased GFR causes inc urine output, which lowers BP |