front 1 Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system? | back 1 Assists in the synthesis of vasodilators |
front 2 Which of the following is caused by the chemical reactions of gases of the respiratory system? | back 2 Regulation of pH |
front 3 The upper respiratory tract extends from the nose through the _________. | back 3 larynx |
front 4 The nose is divided into right and left halves called the __________. | back 4 nasal fossae |
front 5 Which two ligaments extend from the thyroid cartilage to the arytenoid cartilages? | back 5 Vestibular and vocal |
front 6 What are the most numerous cells in the lungs? | back 6 Dust cells |
front 7 Each alveolus is surrounded by a web of blood capillaries supplied by the _________. | back 7 pulmonary artery |
front 8 Which of the following does not contain ciliated cells? | back 8 Larygopharynx |
front 9 What is the basic distinction between an alveolar duct and an alveolar atrium? | back 9 Their shape |
front 10 Which bronchus is about 5cm long and slightly narrower and more horizontal than the one on the opposite side? | back 10 Left main bronchus |
front 11 The heart indents into the __________ of the left lung. | back 11 cardiac notch |
front 12 The heart indents into the __________ of the left lung. | back 12 lobes |
front 13 Crude sounds are formed into intelligible speech by all of the following except the _________. | back 13 epiglottis |
front 14 Which of the following cartilages is largest? | back 14 Thyroid cartilage |
front 15 Which law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of its individual gases? | back 15 Dalton's |
front 16 In a healthy person, which of the following will have the greatest influence on resistance to pulmonary airflow? | back 16 Bronchiole diameter |
front 17 Which of the following is the term for the lungs resistance to expansion? | back 17 Pulmonary compliance |
front 18 The amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort is the __________. | back 18 inspiratory reserve volume |
front 19 How is the vital capacity calculated? | back 19 Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume |
front 20 Deep, rapid breathing often seen in terminal diabetes mellitus is known as what? | back 20 Kussmaul respiration |
front 21 Carbon dioxide is transported by all the following means except _________. | back 21 carbonate |
front 22 Tom is in respiratory arrest due to an electrical shock. Why does a good samaritan have up to 4 or 5 minutes to begin CPR and save Tom's life? | back 22 There is a venous reserve of oxygen in Tom's blood. |
front 23 During exercise, which of the following directly increases respiratory rate? | back 23 Anticipation of the needs of exercising muscle |
front 24 Which of the following would slow down gas exchange between the blood and alveolar air? | back 24 An increase in membrane thickness |
front 25 The addition of CO2 to the blood generates __________ ions in the RBCs, which in turn stimulates RBCs to unload more oxygen. | back 25 hydrogen |
front 26 Which of the following has no effect on oxyhemoglobin dissociation? | back 26 Erythrocyte count |
front 27 In the air we breathe, which gas is found in the highest concentration? | back 27 Nitrogen |
front 28 Each hemoglobin molecule can transport up to __________ oxygen molecules. | back 28 4 |
front 29 Normally, the systemic arterial blood has a PO2 of ___________ mm Hg, a PCO2 of ___________ mm Hg, and a pH of ___________. | back 29 95; 40; 7.4 |
front 30 Which of the following enzymes in an RBC breaks H2CO3 down to water and carbon dioxide? | back 30 Carbonic anhydrase |
front 31 In one passage through a bed of systemic blood capillaries, the blood gives up about what percentage of its oxygen? | back 31 20% to 25% |
front 32 Which of the following is the term for a deficiency of oxygen or the inability to utilize oxygen in a tissue? | back 32 Hypoxia |
front 33 Congestive heart failure results in which of the following? | back 33 Ischemic hypoxia |
front 34 Which of the following is a lung disease marked by a reduced number of cilia, reduced motility of the remaining cilia, goblet cell hypertrophy and hypersecretion, and thick sputum? | back 34 Chronic bronchitis |
front 35 Which of the following would lead to anemic hypoxia? | back 35 Sickle-cell disease |
front 36 Which of the following is a lung disease marked by abnormally few but large alveoli? | back 36 Emphysema |
front 37 In which condition are the lungs infected with Mycobacterium and produce fibrous nodules around the bacteria, leading to progressive pulmonary fibrosis? | back 37 Tuberculosis |
front 38 Which malignancy originates in the lamina propria of the bronchi? | back 38 Adenocarcinoma |
front 39 Polio can sometimes damage the brainstem respiratory centers and result in which condition? | back 39 Ondine's curse |
front 40 Which of these is most likely to result from contact between contaminated fingers and the nasal mucosa? | back 40 Acute rhinitis |
front 41 Scuba divers breathe a nitrogen-oxygen mixture rather than pure compressed oxygen in order to avoid what condition? | back 41 Oxygen toxicity |
front 42 Nitrogen bubbles can form in the blood and other tissues when a scuba diver ascends too rapidly, producing a syndrome called _________. | back 42 decompression sickness |
front 43 The vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves carry afferent signals from peripheral chemoreceptors to a chemosensitive area in the ___________. | back 43 medulla oblongata |
front 44 Mucus plays an important role in cleansing inhaled air. It is produced by __________ of the respiratory tract. | back 44 goblet cells |
front 45 The blood transports more CO2 in the form of ___________ than in any other form. | back 45 bicarbonate ions |
front 46 Among its other purposes, how is the Valsalva maneuver used? | back 46 To aid in defecation and urination |
front 47 Blood banks dispose of blood that has low levels of bisphosphoglycerate. What would be the probable reason for doing so? | back 47 Erythrocytes low in BPG do not unload O2 very well. |
front 48 Your breathing rate is 12 breaths/minute; your tidal volume is 500 mL; your vital capacity is 4700 mL; and your dead air space is 150 mL. Your alveolar ventilation rate is __________ mL/min. | back 48 4200 |
front 49 Your breathing rate is 14 breaths/minute; spirometric measurements reveal your tidal volume is 500 mL; your inspiratory reserve volume is 3000 mL; and your expiratory reserve volume is 1,200 mL. Your vital capacity is __________ mL. | back 49 4700 |
front 50 The maximum amount of air the lungs can contain is known as inspiratory capacity. | back 50 FALSE |
front 51 Respiratory arrest is an irreversible condition. | back 51 FALSE |
front 52 The pleurae and pleural fluid help prevent the spread of pulmonary infection to the pericardium. | back 52 TRUE |
front 53 Breathing is controlled solely by the medulla oblongata and pons. | back 53 FALSE |
front 54 The rate of oxygen diffusion is affected by the pressure gradient of carbon dioxide. | back 54 FALSE |
front 55 Gas transport is the process of carrying gases from the alveoli to the systemic tissues and vice versa. | back 55 TRUE |
front 56 According to the Bohr effect, a low level of oxyhemoglobin enables the blood to transport more CO2. | back 56 FALSE |
front 57 Erythrocytes do not carry out aerobic respiration; thus, they do not consume any of the oxygen they are transporting. | back 57 TRUE |
front 58 Hemoglobin releases the same amount of oxygen to all the tissues regardless of variations in their metabolic rate. | back 58 FALSE |
front 59 Output from higher brain centers can bypass both the DRG and VRG and go directly to __________, which controls the accessory muscles of respiration. | back 59 spinal integration centers |
front 60 Which of the following issues output to the VRG to adjust the respiratory rhythm? | back 60 DRG |
front 61 Which center bears the primary responsibility for generating the respiratory rhythm, but is influenced by several other centers? | back 61 VRG |
front 62 The pH of the cerebrospinal fluid is monitored by which of these brainstem centers? | back 62 Central chemoreceptors |
front 63 Emotional states are integrated by the __________, which generates an output that creates such respiratory variations as laughing and crying. | back 63 PRG |
front 64 If one inspires through their nose, which of the following answers has the correct order of structures the air would move through? | back 64 Nares → Vestibule → Nasal Cavity → Nasopharynx → Oropharynx → Laryngopharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac → Alveolus |
front 65 Upon inspiration, what is the name of the air in the conducting zone that is not available for gas exchange? | back 65 Anatomical dead space |
front 66 The anatomical dead space is greatest in which of the following situations? | back 66 After swerving to narrowly avoid an accident while driving |
front 67 Air consists of about 78.6% nitrogen, 20.9% oxygen, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and 0.5% water. At sea level, (760 mmHg) what is the PCO2? | back 67 0.3 mm Hg |
front 68 Which law states that the total atmospheric pressure is a sum of the contributions of the individual gases? | back 68 Dalton's |
front 69 How is alveolar air different than inspired air? | back 69 Alveolar air has a higher PH2O than inspired air. |
front 70 Metabolically active tissues have which of the following sets of conditions that shift the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right? | back 70 ↓ PO2, ↑ PCO2, ↑ temperature, ↑ BPG |
front 71 Conditions around metabolically active tissues do what to the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve? | back 71 Shift it right |
front 72 Hypocapnia will lead to which of the following conditions? | back 72 Hypoventilation due to alkalosis |
front 73 What is the least common but most dangerous form of lung cancer? | back 73 Small-cell carcinoma |
front 74 After the terminal bronchi air enters the alveoli next. | back 74 FALSE |
front 75 The serratus anterior is active in eupnea. | back 75 FALSE |
front 76 The expansion of the lungs during inspiration generates a pressure gradient causing air to flow into the lungs. This is an example of Boyle's law. | back 76 TRUE |
front 77 In life threatening starvation, the kidneys synthesize glucose by __________. | back 77 deaminating amino acids |
front 78 A byproduct of protein catabolism, __________ constitutes approximately one-half of all nitrogenous waste. | back 78 urea |
front 79 Which organ system excretes nitrogenous wastes? | back 79 The urinary system |
front 80 Which organ system does not excrete waste? | back 80 The cardiovascular system |
front 81 Which of the following is not a function of the kidneys? | back 81 They release waste into the bloodstream. |
front 82 The __________ is not an organ of the urinary system. | back 82 liver |
front 83 Which of the following is not true about the anatomy of the urinary system? | back 83 The kidneys are at equal heights within the pelvic cavity. |
front 84 The medial concavity of the kidney is called the __________, which admits the renal nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and ureter. | back 84 hilum |
front 85 A patient enters a hospital after a motorcycle accident. He complains of mid-back pain. X-rays reveal both rib and pelvic fractures. His emergency room examination includes urinalysis. Which of the following findings from the urinalysis would most likely suggest trauma to the kidneys from the accident, but not to the urinary bladder? | back 85 Albuminuria |
front 86 The __________ innervation of the kidneys reduces urine production, while the function of its __________ innervation is unknown. | back 86 sympathetic; parasympathetic |
front 87 The innermost connective tissue layer protecting the kidney and assisting in staving off infection is known as the __________. | back 87 fibrous capsule |
front 88 A single lobe of a kidney is comprised of __________. | back 88 one pyramid and the overlying cortex |
front 89 A renal pyramid voids urine into the __________. | back 89 minor calyx |
front 90 Which of the following correctly traces blood flow from the renal artery into the renal cortex? | back 90 Segmental a. → interlobar a. → arcuate a. → interlobular a. |
front 91 The transition from an afferent arteriole to an efferent arteriole occurs in the __________. | back 91 glomerulus |
front 92 The average person has approximately __________ nephrons per kidney. | back 92 1.2 million |
front 93 Which of the following correctly traces blood flow from the renal cortex to the renal vein? | back 93 Interlobular v. → arcuate v. → interlobar v. → renal v. |
front 94 Blood plasma is filtered in the __________. | back 94 renal corpuscle |
front 95 Which of the following form the inner layer of the glomerular capsule and wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus? | back 95 Podocytes |
front 96 Which of the following is not composed of cuboidal epithelium? | back 96 The thin segment of the nephron loop |
front 97 Which of the following are primarily responsible for maintaining the salinity gradient of the renal medulla? | back 97 Juxtamedullary nephrons |
front 98 In the nephron, the fluid that immediately precedes urine is known as __________. | back 98 tubular fluid |
front 99 Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate by the __________. | back 99 proximal convoluted tubule |
front 100 In a healthy kidney, very little __________ is filtered by the glomerulus. | back 100 protein |
front 101 Which of the following would reduce the glomerular filtration rate? | back 101 Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole |
front 102 The mechanism of stabilizing the GFR based on the tendency of smooth muscle to contract when stretched is known as __________. | back 102 the myogenic mechanism |
front 103 In response to a drop in overall blood pressure, __________ stimulates constriction of the glomerular inlet and even greater constriction of the outlet. | back 103 angiotensin II |
front 104 Assuming all other values are normal, calculate the net filtration pressure in a patient with a drop in capsular hydrostatic pressure to 8 mmHg. | back 104 20 mm Hg out |
front 105 Renin hydrolyzes angiotensinogen, which is released from the _________, to form angiotensin I. | back 105 liver |
front 106 Because of the great deal of active transport that occurs here, the __________ of one's nephrons collectively account for about 6% of one's daily resting ATP and caloric consumption. | back 106 proximal convoluted tubules |
front 107 Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule? | back 107 Hydrogen ions |
front 108 Total saturation of protein transporters for a given solute in the renal tubules would result in __________. | back 108 appearance of that solute in the urine |
front 109 Which of the following is a direct result of antidiuretic hormone? | back 109 Decreased urine volume |
front 110 Aldosterone acts on the __________. | back 110 distal convoluted tubule |
front 111 Natriuretic peptide inhibits __________ reabsorption by the collecting duct, which _________ urine output. | back 111 NaCl; increases |
front 112 In the thick segment of the ascending limb of the nephron loop, K+ reenters the cell from the interstitial fluid via the _________. K+ is then secreted into the tubular fluid. | back 112 Na+-K+ pump |
front 113 Which of the following is not a method by which natriuretic peptides reduce blood volume and pressure? | back 113 Preventing sodium loss in the urine |
front 114 Hypocalcemia stimulates __________. | back 114 secretion of parathyroid hormone |
front 115 Which renal structure is responsible for producing hypertonic urine by reabsorbing water while allowing metabolic wastes and NaCl to pass through? | back 115 Collecting duct |
front 116 The urine is most likely to be hypotonic when the __________. | back 116 body's water volume is high |
front 117 Which of the following does not contribute to water conservation? | back 117 Diuretics |
front 118 The countercurrent multiplier recaptures __________ and is based on fluid flowing in the __________ direction in two adjacent tubules. | back 118 sodium; opposite |
front 119 The overall purpose of the countercurrent exchange system is to __________. | back 119 supply salt and urea to the renal medulla |
front 120 Which of the following induces renin secretion, constricts afferent arterioles, and reduces GFR and urine volume? | back 120 Norepinephrine |
front 121 Normal urine from a healthy person should not contain __________. | back 121 glucose |
front 122 The pigment responsible for the color of urine is called __________. | back 122 urochrome |
front 123 To meet the definition of polyuria, the minimum daily output of urine is __________. | back 123 2.0 L |
front 124 Prior to chemical tests for glycosuria, clinicians checked for sweetness of the urine as a sign of __________. | back 124 diabetes mellitus |
front 125 Loop diuretics reduce body water content by acting on the __________. | back 125 countercurrent multiplier system |
front 126 A hospital patient produces 4 mL/min of urine with a urea concentration of 8 mg/mL. Venous blood draw reveals urea concentration of 0.4 mg/mL. What is the percentage of cleared urea from glomerular filtrate? | back 126 64% |
front 127 Which two substances are most useful for determining a patient's glomerular filtration rate? | back 127 Inulin and creatinine |
front 128 Creatinine has a renal clearance of 140 mL/min. Why is this? | back 128 It is secreted by the renal tubules. |
front 129 Which of the following is not found in the ureter? | back 129 Skeletal muscle |
front 130 The __________ muscle is located in the urinary bladder. | back 130 detrusor |
front 131 The __________ is not a portion of the urethra. | back 131 internal urethral sphincter |
front 132 Micturition is another term for __________. | back 132 the elimination of urine |
front 133 The ureters pass anterior to the bladder and enter it from below. | back 133 FALSE |
front 134 Albuminuria is a common sign of diabetes mellitus. | back 134 FALSE |
front 135 Diseases that affect the descending corticospinal tracts may limit inhibition of the sacral somatic motor neurons and thus could result in urinary incontinence. | back 135 TRUE |
front 136 Ethyl (drinking) alcohol stimulates the secretion of ADH, thereby reducing reabsorption by the collecting duct. | back 136 FALSE |
front 137 Parathyroid hormone increases phosphate excretion by the proximal convoluted tubule as well as promotes synthesis of calcitriol. | back 137 TRUE |
front 138 The countercurrent multiplier mechanism for water conservation was discovered by limiting studies to humans and thus hypothesizing how form determines function. | back 138 FALSE |
front 139 The thick segment of the nephron loop is impermeable to water. | back 139 TRUE |
front 140 Glomerular filtration occurs because glomerular oncotic pressure overrides glomerular blood pressure. | back 140 FALSE |
front 141 Angiotensin-converting enzyme is found only in the kidneys and converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. | back 141 FALSE |
front 142 Cells in the cleft between the afferent and efferent arterioles and among capillaries of the glomerulus are known as mesangial cells. | back 142 TRUE |
front 143 Glomerular capillaries suffer little damage from hypertension because of the protective influence of the afferent arterioles. | back 143 FALSE |
front 144 The fenestrated endothelium of the capillary has pores small enough to exclude blood cells from the filtrate. | back 144 TRUE |
front 145 The most toxic of our metabolic wastes are nitrogenous wastes. | back 145 TRUE |
front 146 Stimulation of sympathetic fibers of the renal plexus increases renal blood flow. | back 146 FALSE |
front 147 Blood plasma osmolarity is higher than intracellular fluid osmolarity. | back 147 FALSE |
front 148 In a state of fluid balance, average daily fluid gains and losses are equal. | back 148 TRUE |
front 149 Fluid intake is governed mainly by hypothalamic receptors called osmoreceptors. | back 149 TRUE |
front 150 The kidneys secrete ADH in response to dehydration. | back 150 FALSE |
front 151 Hypovolemia refers to a reduction in total body water while maintaining normal osmolarity. | back 151 TRUE |
front 152 Aldosterone promotes potassium excretion. | back 152 TRUE |
front 153 Natriuretic peptides promote sodium and potassium excretion. | back 153 FALSE |
front 154 Hyponatremia is usually a result of hypotonic hydration. | back 154 TRUE |
front 155 Hypocalcemia causes muscle weakness, whereas hypercalcemia causes potentially fatal muscle tetanus. | back 155 FALSE |
front 156 Chloride homeostasis is regulated as a side effect of sodium homeostasis. | back 156 TRUE |
front 157 A buffer system converts a weak acid or base into a strong one. | back 157 FALSE |
front 158 The three physiological buffer systems are urinary, digestive, and respiratory. | back 158 FALSE |
front 159 The kidneys neutralize more acid or base than any other buffer system. | back 159 TRUE |
front 160 Acidosis is a pH lower than 7, whereas alkalosis is a pH higher than 7. | back 160 FALSE |
front 161 Uncompensated alkalosis is a pH imbalance that can only be corrected with clinical intervention. | back 161 TRUE |
front 162 Where is the greatest volume of water in the body found? | back 162 Intracellular fluid (ICF) |
front 163 What determines osmosis from one fluid compartment to another? | back 163 The relative concentration of solutes in each compartment |
front 164 In which compartment would fluid accumulate in edema? | back 164 Tissue (interstitial) fluid |
front 165 Most body water intake is from , whereas most body water lost is via . | back 165 drinking; urine |
front 166 Fluid intake is governed mainly by hypothalamic neurons called . | back 166 osmoreceptors |
front 167 What is the function of antidiuretic hormone? | back 167 It promotes water conservation. |
front 168 Water output is largely controlled by varying . | back 168 urine volume |
front 169 Which of the following occurs when blood volume and pressure become too high? | back 169 ADH release is inhibited. |
front 170 Which of the following can prolonged exposure to cold weather lead to? | back 170 Increased respiratory water loss |
front 171 In response to dehydration, osmoreceptors stimulate the secretion of . | back 171 ADH |
front 172 A hemorrhage results in which of the following? | back 172 A decrease in water volume without significantly affecting the osmolarity |
front 173 Long-term inhibition of thirst is mostly associated with which of the following? | back 173 A drop in blood osmolarity |
front 174 What is the principal cation of the ECF? | back 174 Na+ |
front 175 Where are cells with aldosterone receptors found? | back 175 Distal convolute tubule |
front 176 What is the function of aldosterone? | back 176 It increases Na+reabsorption and K+secretion. |
front 177 Hypernatremia is a plasma concentration abovenormal. | back 177 Na+ |
front 178 Which of the following is not caused by hypernatremia? | back 178 A reduction in plasma volume |
front 179 What is the most significant solute in determining the distribution of water among fluid compartments? | back 179 Na+ |
front 180 Which of the following does not stimulate aldosterone secretion? | back 180 High blood sodium concentration |
front 181 Women have a tendency to retain water during part of the menstrual cycle because estrogen mimics the action of what? | back 181 Aldosterone |
front 182 What is the most abundant cation in the ICF? | back 182 K+ |
front 183 What is the total body water (TBW) content of a 70 kg young male? | back 183 40 L |
front 184 What is the greatest determinant of the intracellular water volume? | back 184 K+ |
front 185 Which of these conditions is not a result of hyperkalemia? | back 185 The resting membrane potential is more negative. |
front 186 Which of the following occurs with hypokalemia? | back 186 Cells are hyperpolarized. |
front 187 28. Hypokalemia can result from all of the following except . | back 187 aldosterone hyposecretion |
front 188 What is the most abundant anion in the ECF? | back 188 Cl- |
front 189 Chloride homeostasis is achieved mainly as a result of homeostasis. | back 189 Na+ |
front 190 Which of the following is not a role of calcium in the body? | back 190 It is a significant component of nucleic acids. |
front 191 How is calcium concentration in the body regulated? | back 191 By hormones |
front 192 Which of the following accurately describes the inorganic phosphates(Pi)of the body fluids? | back 192 They participate in the activation of some enzymes. |
front 193 Which of the following is a result of phosphate excretion from the body? | back 193 An increase in free calcium ions in the ECF |
front 194 Which of the following represents the complete chemical reaction for the bicarbonate buffer system? | back 194 CO2+ H2O H2CO3HCO3-+ H+ |
front 195 What is the normal pH of tissue fluid? | back 195 7.35 - 7.45 |
front 196 What are the major chemical buffer systems of the body? | back 196 The bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein |
front 197 What protein is the most important buffer in blood plasma? | back 197 Albumin |
front 198 What protein is the most important buffer in erythrocytes? | back 198 Hemoglobin |
front 199 Which of the following characterizes a weak base? | back 199 It binds a little H+and has a weak effect on pH. |
front 200 When the renal tubules secrete hydrogen ions into the tubular fluid, they at the same time. | back 200 reabsorb sodium |
front 201 Which buffer system accounts for 75% of all chemical buffering in the body fluids? | back 201 The protein buffer system |
front 202 The bicarbonate buffer system would not work very well in the human body if not for the action of the respiratory system, which _. | back 202 supplies the buffer system with CO2 |
front 203 Which of the following describes an antiport system on the basal side of renal tubule cells? | back 203 It exchanges K+for Na+. |
front 204 Proteins can buffer a drop in pH with their side groups and can buffer an increase in pH with their side groups. | back 204 - NH2; -COOH |
front 205 Acidosis has what effect on the resting membrane potential of nerve cells? | back 205 It causes hyperpolarization. |
front 206 How do the kidneys compensate respiratory acidosis? | back 206 By secreting more hydrogen ions |
front 207 Breathing into and out of a paper bag for along period of time will lead to _. | back 207 respiratory acidosis |
front 208 An excessive intake of antacids can lead to which of the following? | back 208 Metabolic alkalosis |
front 209 Chronic vomiting can lead to which of the following? | back 209 Metabolic alkalosis |
front 210 Emphysema can lead to which of the following? | back 210 Respiratory acidosis |
front 211 A patient suffering from diabetic acidosis would display which of the following symptoms? | back 211 Hyperventilation |