front 1 _______ development is the field of study that examines patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior that occur throughout the entire life span. a) Biological b) Lifespan c) Psychological d) Research | back 1 b) Lifespan |
front 2 In its study of growth, change, and stability, lifespan development takes a(n) ______ approach. a) hypothetical b) scientific c) biological d) environmental | back 2 b) scientific |
front 3 A professor wants to examine the effectiveness of a new teaching approach. Her 9:00 a.m. class will be exposed to the new method of viewing teaching tapes, while her 10:00 a.m. class will be exposed to traditional lectures. Students will be able to choose which tapes they want to view. What method is the professor using to conduct her experiment? a) hypothetical b) biological c) environmental d) scientific | back 3 d) scientific |
front 4 Lifespan development focuses on a) nonhuman species. b) test tube babies. c) biological and environmental development. d) human development | back 4 d) human development |
front 5 A group of people who are born around the same time in the same place is called a(n) a)race b)cohort c) ethnic group. d) normative group. | back 5 b)cohort |
front 6 Biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of where they are raised, are called ______ influences. a) age-graded b) history-graded c) biological d) environmental | back 6 a) age-graded |
front 7 Biological and environmental factors that are associated with a certain historical event, such as the bombing of Pearl Harbor, can be considered a) age-graded influences. b) history-graded influences. c) sociocultural-graded influences. d) non-normative life events | back 7 b) history-graded influences. |
front 8 An example of a biological universal event that occurs at relatively the same time throughout all societies is a) young adulthood b) puberty c) adulthood d) death | back 8 b) puberty |
front 9
a) non-normative life event. b) age-graded influence. c) history-graded influence. d) sociocultural-graded influence. | back 9 b) age-graded influence. |
front 10 A(n)_____________ period is a specific time during which a particular event has the greatest consequences. a) sensitive | back 10 c) critical |
front 11 A group of people who are born around the same time in the same place is called a(n) a) race. | back 11 b) cohort. |
front 12 Researchers who use intelligence testing as part of their research project with elementary age students are likely to be researching _________ development. a) personality | back 12 b) cognitive |
front 13 Biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of where they are raised, are called ______ influences. a) age-graded | back 13 a) age-graded |
front 14 When social and cultural factors affect an individual at a particular time and include such variables as ethnicity, social class, and subcultural membership, these factors are called a) age-graded influences. b) non-normative life events. c) history-graded influences. d) sociocultural-graded influences. | back 14 d) sociocultural-graded influences. |
front 15 ________ development involves the ways that the enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from another change over the life span. a) Cognitive | back 15 c) Personality |
front 16 People who lived in New York City during the 9/11 terrorist attack on the World Trade Center experienced shared challenges due to the fact that they all experienced the attack. These challenges are an example of ________ effects. a) biological b) environmental c) cohort d) Millennial Generation | back 16 c) cohort |
front 17 _________ development involves the way in which individuals’ interactions with others and their social relationships grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life. a) Cognitive | back 17 c) Personality |
front 18 An example of a biological universal event that occurs at relatively the same time throughout all societies is a) young adulthood. | back 18 b) puberty. |
front 19 Alice’s symptoms of menopause include hot flashes and cessation of her monthly menstrual cycle. Alice’s doctor tells her she is experiencing a(n) a) non-normative life event. | back 19 b) age-graded influence. |
front 20 A(n)_____________ period is a specific time during which a particular event has the greatest consequences. a) sensitive | back 20 c) critical |
front 21 In a ______, organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments, but the absence of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences. a) sensitive period | back 21 a) sensitive period |
front 22 “Nature” refers to a) traits, abilities and capacities inherited from
parents. | back 22 a) traits, abilities and capacities inherited from parents. |
front 23 Environmental influences that shape behavior are referred to as a) nurture. | back 23 a) nurture. |
front 24 Explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest are called _________________, and provide a framework for understanding the relationships among an organized set of facts or principles. a) concepts | back 24 c) theories |
front 25 The psychodynamic perspective is closely associated with the original work of a) Freud. | back 25 a) Freud. |
front 26 Sigmund Freud is responsible for revolutionary ideas and the __________ theory. a) behavioral | back 26 b) psychoanalytic |
front 27 Who was one of the first American psychologists to advocate a behavioral approach to development? a) Skinner | back 27 b) Watson |
front 28 Judy was bitten by a small brown and white dog when she was a little girl, and now every time she sees a small dog approaching her, she is fearful. Watson would say that Judy’s reaction is a result of _________ conditioning. a) behavioral | back 28 b) classical |
front 29 Operant conditioning was formulated and championed by a) Freud. | back 29 b) Skinner |
front 30 Which developmental psychologist developed an approach that emphasizes learning by observing the behavior of another person, called a model? a) Skinner | back 30 c) Bandura |
front 31 Who is considered the predominant theorist in cognitive
development? | back 31 a) Piaget |
front 32 Piaget’s two basic principles of growth in children’s understanding of the world are a) reward and punishment. | back 32 c) assimilation and accommodation. |
front 33 What did Piaget call the process in which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking? a) cognition | back 33 d) assimilation |
front 34 What has become an important alternative to Piagetian approaches? a) behavioral modification | back 34 c) information processing |
front 35 List the four important issues of lifespan development. | back 35 Answer: 1) Continuity versus discontinuity; 2) the importance of critical and sensitive periods; 3) whether to focus on certain periods or on the entire life span; and 4) the nature versus nurture controversy |
front 36 List the four important issues of lifespan development. | back 36 Answer: 1) Continuity versus discontinuity; 2) the importance of critical and sensitive periods; 3) whether to focus on certain periods or on the entire life span; and 4) the nature versus nurture controversy. |
front 37 Lifespan is usually divided into which specific broad-age ranges? | back 37 Answer: Prenatal Period (conception to birth); Infancy and Toddlerhood (birth to age 3); Preschool Period (ages 3–6) Middle Childhood (ages 6–12); Adolescence (ages 12–20); Young Adulthood (ages 20–40); Middle Adulthood (ages 40–60); and Late Adulthood (age 60 to death). |
front 38 Who was a major proponent of the humanistic perspective and suggested that all people need positive regard that results from an underlying wish to be loved and respected? a) Bandura | back 38 b) Rogers |
front 39 Which theorist(s) championed the idea of self-actualization? a) Freud and Erikson | back 39 c) Rogers and Maslow |
front 40 Which perspective contains the two major theories of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach and Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory? a) cognitive | back 40 d) contextual |
front 41 Who wrote the groundbreaking work titled On the Origin of Species and is responsible for the beginning of the evolutionary perspective? a) Bronfenbrenner | back 41 c) Darwin |
front 42 The evolutionary perspective draws from the field of ethology, which examines the ways in which our biological makeup influences our behavior. Who is/was a primary proponent of ethology? a) Darwin | back 42 d) Lorenz |
front 43 According to Freud, which part of everyone’s personality operates according to the “pleasure principle”? a) unconscious | back 43 d) id |
front 44 Freud believed that the _____ is the part of the personality that is rational and reasonable. a) id | back 44 d) ego |
front 45 The ________ is Freud’s representation of incorporating the distinction between right and wrong. a) ego | back 45 c) superego |
front 46 Adults demonstrating excessive activities such as eating, talking, or chewing gum may be experiencing a(n) __________ fixation. a) anal | back 46 b) oral |
front 47 The "feminine Oedipus attitude" was posited by Freud as a
theoretical counterpart to the Oedipus complex B. Electra complex C. Oedipus complex | back 47 B. Electra complex |
front 48 A group of largely unconscious (dynamically repressed) ideas and
feelings which center around the desire to possess the parent of the
opposite sex and eliminate the parent of the same sex. B. Electra complex C. Fixation | back 48 A. Odepius complex |
front 49 A type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response is called a) classical conditioning. | back 49 a) classical conditioning. |
front 50 Operant conditioning was formulated and championed by a) Freud. | back 50 b) Skinner |
front 51 List and briefly explain three types of learning derived from the behavioral perspective. | back 51 Answer: 1) Classical conditioning occurs when an organism learns to respond to a neutral stimulus that normally does not evoke that type of response; 2) operant conditioning is learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences; 3) social-cognitive learning theory is an approach that emphasizes learning by observing the behavior of another person, called a model. |
front 52 What is the learning approach that emphasizes learning by observing the behavior of another person, a process called modeling? a) classical conditioning | back 52 c) social-cognitive learning |
front 53 Ralph watches the other kindergarten students receive stickers and other rewards from the teacher for sitting at their desks and completing their work. Soon, Ralph begins to behave like the other kindergarten students. This is what type of learning? a) modeling | back 53 a) modeling |
front 54 According to Piaget, human thought is arranged in organized mental patterns, called __________, that represent behaviors and actions. a) stages | back 54 c) schemes |
front 55 In _________ research, the researcher could tell if an association or relationship between two factors exists. a) scientific | back 55 b) correlational |
front 56 . A correlation __________ is a statistic that describes the relationship between two variables, and is always between -1.00 and +1.00. a) gradient | back 56 b) coefficient |
front 57 True or False A correlational study can conclude that the viewing of television aggression causes more aggressive behavior in children. | back 57 False |
front 58 In an experiment, the ____________ is exposed to the treatment variable being studied; the ____________ is not. a) control group; experimental group | back 58 d) treatment group; control group |
front 59 ________ research is designed to discover causal relationships between various factors. a) Correlational | back 59 c) Experimental |
front 60 A(n) _______ is a prediction stated in a way that permits it to be tested. a) hypothesis | back 60 a) hypothesis |
front 61 Alan has decided to conduct a naturalistic observation of children and friendships. Which location would produce the most accurate results? a) a school principal’s office | back 61 d) a playground |
front 62 All genes are composed of specific sequences of _______ molecules. a) DNA | back 62 a) DNA |
front 63 Humans have about ______ genes. a) 50,000 | back 63 b) 25,000 |
front 64 Genes are arranged in specific locations and in a specific order
along ____ different chromosomes. | back 64 c) 46 |
front 65 Rod-shaped portions of DNA called chromosomes are organized in ____ pairs. a) 52 | back 65 b) 23 |
front 66 When gametes are formed in the human body, this is called a) division. | back 66 b) meiosis. |
front 67 The process of _______ accounts for the replication of most types of cells, so nearly all the cells of the body will contain the same 46 chromosomes as the zygote. a) meiosis | back 67 c) mitosis |
front 68 The process of _______ accounts for the replication of most types of cells, so nearly all the cells of the body will contain the same 46 chromosomes as the zygote. a) meiosis | back 68 c) Fertilization |
front 69 If the child has a XX pairing on the 23rd chromosome, the child will be a) male. | back 69 d) female. |
front 70 Jason and Justin are twins and are genetically identical. They are ________ twins. a) gamete | back 70 c) monozygotic |
front 71 Evan and Evelyn are twins but are not genetically identical. They are ________ twins. a) gamete | back 71 b) dizygotic |
front 72 The one trait that is expressed when two competing traits are present is called a) recessive. | back 72 c) dominant. |
front 73 A trait within an organism that is present but not expressed is called a) dominant. | back 73 d) recessive. |
front 74 The underlying combination of genetic material that is present but not outwardly visible in an organism is called a) a genotype. | back 74 a) a genotype. |
front 75 An observable trait is labeled a) polygenic. | back 75 d) a phenotype. |
front 76 Eric has blue eyes. Since the gene for blue eyes is recessive, Eric must be ______ for that trait. | back 76 b) homozygous |
front 77 When a child receives different forms of a certain gene from his/her parents, he or she is said to be a) dominant. | back 77 c) heterozygous |
front 78 When a child receives different forms of a certain gene from his/her parents, he or she is said to be a) dominant. | back 78 d) heterozygous. |
front 79 What is the name of the inherited disorder in which a child is unable to make use of an essential amino acid present in proteins found in milk and other foods, and which has the potential to cause brain damage and mental retardation? a) heterozygous | back 79 b) phenylketonuria (PKU) |
front 80 True or False The blood disorder hemophilia is an example of a disease that is produced by X-linked genes. | back 80 True |
front 81 Briefly explain the inherited disorder called sickle-cell anemia. | back 81 Sickle-cell anemia is a blood disorder that gets its name from the shape of red blood cells in those who have it. Symptoms include poor appetite, stunted growth, swollen stomach, and yellowish eyes. People afflicted with the disease rarely live beyond childhood. For less severe cases, medical advances have produced significant increases in life expectancy. |
front 82 Which procedure can identify a variety of genetic defects with nearly 100% accuracy? a) amniocentesis | back 82 a) amniocentesis |
front 83 What is used to find genetic defects and involves taking samples of hair-like material that surrounds the unborn baby? a) karyotype | back 83 d) chorionic villus sampling (CVS) |
front 84 What is the term applied to studying the effects of heredity on behavior? a) gene sequence | back 84 c) behavioral genetics |
front 85 The hormone __________ is produced in ________, which some scientists speculate may lead to differences in male and female brain structure, and later variations in gender-related behavior(s). a) oxytocin; males | back 85 c) androgen; males |
front 86 During the germinal stage, the fertilized egg is now called a(n) ___________, and travels toward the uterus where it becomes implanted in the uterus’s wall. a) ovum | back 86 c) zygote |
front 87 What is the stage that begins at about 8 weeks after conception and continues until birth? a) fertilization stage | back 87 d) fetal stage |
front 88 Each human parent contributes ______________ to the developing zygote. a) 23 genes | back 88 b) one of each pair of 23 chromosomes |
front 89 The joining of sperm and ovum to create the single-celled zygote from which life begins is referred to as __________. a) pregnancy | back 89 c) fertilization |
front 90 What is the name of the period from 2 to 8 weeks following fertilization during which significant growth occurs in the major organs and body systems? a) embryonic stage | back 90 a) embryonic stage |
front 91 In the embryonic stage, every part of the body is formed from one of ____ layers. a) 5 | back 91 c) 8 |
front 92 What is the term for a developing child from 8 weeks after conception until birth? a) embryo | back 92 c) fetus |
front 93 What sexually transmitted disease can be transmitted directly to the fetus, who will be born suffering from the disease? a) chicken pox | back 93 d) syphilis |
front 94 Increasing evidence suggests that small amounts of alcohol and nicotine a) can disrupt the development of the fetus. | back 94 a) can disrupt the development of the fetus. |
front 95 A conduit between the mother and fetus, this organ provides nourishment and oxygen via the umbilical cord. a) amniotic sac | back 95 c) placenta |
front 96 What disease may be passed on to the fetus through the blood that reaches the placenta? a) mumps | back 96 c) AIDS |
front 97 During which stage of childbirth does the umbilical cord (which is still attached to the neonate) and the placenta expel from the mother’s body? a) transitional | back 97 d) third |
front 98 A(n) ______________ occurs when pregnancy ends before the developing child is able to survive outside the mother’s womb. a) stillbirth | back 98 c) miscarriage |
front 99 Infertility is the inability to conceive after ________ months of trying to become pregnant. a) 15 to 20 | back 99 d) 12 to 18 |
front 100 When does the greatest increase in height and weight occur? a) in the womb during gestation | back 100 b) during the first year of life |
front 101 By their first birthday, the average infant’s birthweight has a) quadrupled. | back 101 c) tripled. |
front 102 Waking, eating, sleeping, and elimination are important parts of a baby’s a) patterns. | back 102 d) rhythms. |
front 103 What is the term for repetitive, cyclical patterns of behavior? a) training | back 103 c) rhythms |
front 104 What is the term for the period of sleep that is found in older children and adults and is associated with dreaming? a) rapid eye movement (REM) | back 104 a) rapid eye movement (REM) |
front 105 What term refers to an infant’s various levels of wakeful behaviors, such as alertness, fussing, crying, and different levels of sleep? a) sensitive period | back 105 b) state |
front 106 Which of the following hormones play important roles in puberty? a) growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon | back 106 d) androgen, leptin, and estrogen |
front 107 Which of the following terms describes the period in which the sexual organs mature? a) maturation | back 107 b) puberty |
front 108 . The _____ gland signals the body to increase production of growth hormones that interact with the sex hormones to cause the growth spurt and puberty. a) thalamus | back 108 c) pituitary |
front 109 According to research, all of the following are factors with regard to the age of menarche in girls EXCEPT a) the economic status of the country in which the girl lives
and the affluence of the group the girl is part of. | back 109 d) the age at which her mother’s menarche began. |
front 110 The term “senescence” is another name for a) primary aging. | back 110 a) primary aging. |
front 111 Although young adults are generally healthy, by their early 20s, ______________, a natural physical decline brought about by increasing age, has already begun. a) debilitation | back 111 b) senescence |
front 112 Aging that involves universal and irreversible changes that, due to genetic programming, occur as people get older is called a) inward aging. | back 112 d) primary aging. |
front 113 Changes in physical functioning that are due to illness, health habits, and other individual differences, but which are not due to increased age itself and are not inevitable, are called a) primary aging. | back 113 b) secondary aging |
front 114 Communication with other neurons is done by means of _________ that travel across the small gaps called __________. a) myelin; synapses | back 114 c) neurotransmitters; synapses |
front 115 Synaptic pruning means unused __________ are being removed from the brain. a) glial cells | back 115 d) neurons |
front 116 _________ is the degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable due to experience. a) Synaptic pruning | back 116 d) Plasticity |
front 117 What is the process in which certain cognitive functions are located more in one hemisphere of the brain than in the other? a) cross-referencing | back 117 b) lateralization |
front 118 By the end of the preschool years, most children show __________, which is a clear preference for using one hand over the other. a) partiality | back 118 c) handedness |
front 119 Which of the following is the most likely reason for adolescent impulsivity and risky behavior(s)? a) ADD/ADHD | back 119 c) the adolescent prefrontal cortex is biologically immature |
front 120 What is the term for unlearned, unorganized, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli? a) autostimulation | back 120 b) reflexes |
front 121 Many of the reflexes that infants are born with have ________ value. a) limited | back 121 c) survival |
front 122 ________ are unlearned, organized, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli. a) Motor skills | back 122 b) Reflexes |
front 123 What is the term for the average performance of a large sample of children of a given age? a) standard | back 123 d) norms |
front 124 What is the term for the sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli involving the sense organs and brain? a) perception | back 124 a) perception |
front 125 The researcher Robert Fantz discovered that a) newborn infants prefer to look at simple stimuli rather than
complex stimuli. | back 125 c) newborn infants prefer to look at complex stimuli rather than simple stimuli. |
front 126 True or False A newborn infant’s sense of smell is so well-developed that they can distinguish their mother on the basis of smell alone. | back 126 True |
front 127 The “visual cliff” study by Gibson & Walk indicates that most infants in the age range of _________ months cannot be coaxed to cross the “cliff.” a) 6 to 14 | back 127 a) 6 to 14 |
front 128 The developmental researchers who conducted the classic study regarding the “visual cliff” was/were _________. a) Pavlov & Watson | back 128 d) Gibson & Walk |
front 129 Briefly discuss the classic study by developmental psychologists Gibson & Walk and the “visual cliff.” | back 129 Answer: In this 1960 study, infants were placed on a sheet of heavy glass. A checkered pattern appeared under one half of the glass sheet, making it appear that the infant was on a stable floor. In the middle of the glass sheet, the pattern dropped down several feet forming a “visual cliff.” The researchers asked whether infants would willingly crawl across the cliff when called by their mothers. The results were clear, as most of the 6 to 14-month-old infants could not be coaxed over the cliff. This indicated that the ability to perceive depth had been developed by most of the infants. |
front 130 Which of the following is NOT a change in vision occurring during middle adulthood? a) decline in depth perception | back 130 c) presbyopia lessens |
front 131 Tomasina finds herself holding books and newspapers further from her eyes in order to read and bring material into focus. Her eye exam reveals she has a) farsightedness. | back 131 c) presbycusis. |
front 132 A decrease in one’s ability to hear high-pitched, high frequency sounds is known as a) presbycusis. | back 132 a) presbycusis. |
front 133 Which condition affecting vision involves a clouding of the lens inside the eye, which interferes with the passage of light to the retina? a) presbycusis | back 133 d) cataracts |
front 134 Emanuel is told the pressure in his eyes has increased and that fluid in his eyes cannot drain properly. Emanuel has a) glaucoma. | back 134 a) glaucoma. |
front 135 According to the peripheral slowing hypothesis, the increased reaction time of older people is attributable to changes in the ______________. a) circulatory system, including the heart | back 135 d) nerves that branch from the brain and spinal cord |