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Psychology Chapter 13

front 1

The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the

back 1

cognitive model

front 2

Attempts to understand the biological basis of depression has linked it to imbalances in​

back 2

-norepinephrine and serotonin

front 3

Fannie goes to a humanist therapist. When she talks about her frustrations with attempting to satisfy other people’s demands, her therapist may suggest that Fannie’s attempts could lead to​

back 3

-distorted self-image

front 4

All but which of the following have been implicated in the development of borderline personality disorder?​

back 4

-low levels of dopamine production

front 5

A psychologist is seeing a client who always talks fast, seems to have incredible energy, makes grandiose plans that would be impossible to carry out, and seems to “bounce off the walls.” If this person never shows signs of depression, he is likely to be suffering from ____.

back 5

mania

front 6

Reduction of anxiety that occurs when feared objects are avoided is the basis of which explanation of phobic avoidance?

back 6

operant conditioning

front 7

In experiments with Little Albert, Watson demonstrated

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the role of classical conditioning in the development of phobias

front 8

Jurgen has been diagnosed as having a phobia. This means that Jurgen experiences

back 8

an irrational or excessive fear of something

front 9

Gina believes that she is the secret love child of the late Princess Diana and singer Elton John. Since she really is not their child, Gina’s belief would be considered a(n)​

back 9

delusion

front 10

The criterion of maladaptive behavior used in determining whether behavior is abnormal would likely to be applied to which of the following cases?​

back 10

-Nate, who has developed a drug abuse problem that is affecting his health

front 11

A stereotypical man with antisocial personality disorder is likely to have been raised in a home characterized by​

back 11

-neglect, abuse, and lack of warmth

front 12

Tako occasionally finds himself in a state of sheer terror. The sensation lasts for several minutes, and he often believes he is "going crazy." His symptoms most closely describe​

back 12

-panic disorder

front 13

The type of psychological disorder that attracted Sigmund Freud to the study of psychological factors in abnormal behavior would now be called

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-functional neurological symptom disorder

front 14

Delusions of ______ describe the most common theme among schizophrenia patients.

back 14

persecution

front 15

Felicia reports that she is hearing voices that continually demean and belittle her. By what criterion is her behavior considered abnormal?​

back 15

faulty perceptions or interpretations of reality

front 16

In brain imaging studies, people with antisocial personality disorder showed relatively little activity in the amygdala, which normally ____.

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pariticipates in recognition of fear and other negative emotions in others

front 17

What is the approximate prevalence of bipolar disorder in the adult U.S. population?

back 17

1%

front 18

Regarding dissociative disorders, which of the following statements is false ?​

back 18

-compared to other psychological disorders, dissociative disorders are relatively common

front 19

​Individuals with antisocial personality disorder demonstrate all of the following except

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- psychotic behavior

front 20

Approximately how many people are hospitalized for schizophrenia in a given year?

back 20

More than 100,000

front 21

The fact that antisocial behavioral patterns appear at such an early age and are so difficult to change lends support to the notion that an antisocial personality may be caused by ____.​

back 21

Biological factors

front 22

Regarding major depressive disorder, ____.

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-women are more likely than men to be diagnosed

front 23

​Somatic symptom disorder is characterized by physical symptoms ____.

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-that do not have underlying medical cause

front 24

Twin and adoptee studies provide strong evidence for a ____ factor involved in anxiety disorders.

back 24

-genetic

front 25

Humanistic theorists contend that abnormal behavior

back 25

-develops from encountering obstacles on the road to personal growth

front 26

Mira has hallucinations and delusions. Which of the following is a hallucination, as opposed to a delusion?​

back 26

-Mira hears critical voices commenting on her every action

front 27

​As described in the text, psychological models of abnormal behavior based on classical conditioning were useful in developing explanations of

back 27

-phobias

front 28

Regarding major depressive disorder,​

back 28

-women are more likely than men to be affected

front 29

Which of the following is not one of the criteria used by psychologists to determine whether a behavior is abnormal?

back 29

-morality

front 30

​Different personalities in dissociative identity disorder may demonstrate all of the following except

back 30

- different eye colors

front 31

Charmaine Coltraine is preoccupied with fears that she has a terrible health problem. Coltraine’s fears are characteristic of

back 31

-somatic symptom disorder

front 32

In schizophrenia, behavioral excesses are to ____ as behavioral deficits are to ____.

back 32

-positive symptoms; negative symptoms

front 33

Which anxiety disorder has the highest lifetime prevalence in the population?

back 33

-specific phobia

front 34

Felicia reports that she is hearing voices that continually demean and belittle her. By what criterion is her behavior considered abnormal?

back 34

-faulty perceptions or interpretations of reality

front 35

​Steven has bipolar disorder. All of the following may occur during his manic episodes except

back 35

- waxy flexibility

front 36

Twin and adoptee studies provide strong evidence for a ____ factor involved in anxiety disorders.

back 36

genetic

front 37

As described in the text, behavioral models of abnormality assume that abnormal behavior

back 37

-is learned in much the same way that normal behavior is learned

front 38

All but which of the following statements describes antisocial personality disorder?

back 38

-the majority of people with this disorder engage in criminal activities

front 39

Phobias develop through associations of aversive stimuli with previously neutral stimuli. This expresses the ______ explanation of phobia development.​

back 39

-classical conditioning

front 40

How do delusions differ from hallucinations?​

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-Delusions involve false beliefs while hallucinations involve false perceptions

front 41

Dissociative amnesia is ____.​

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-a loss of memory with no identifiable physical cause

front 42

Hallucinations are

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-perceptions that occur without appropriate external stimuli

front 43

Exaggerated energy, enthusiasm, and elation are characteristic of ____.

back 43

mania

front 44

​The most common form of hallucinations, a symptom of schizophrenia, is ____.

back 44

auditory

front 45

The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the

back 45

cognitive model

front 46

Angelique has not left her house for two years. She is completely terrified of going out. Based on this description, she is probably suffering from

back 46

-agoraphobia

front 47

Dr. Vinard suspects his patient Muriel has conversion disorder and refers her to a psychotherapist. At a follow-up visit, Dr. Vinard learns that Muriel failed to schedule an appointment with the psychotherapist. What is the most likely reason for this?

back 47

-Muriel may continue to feel that she has a real medical disorder

front 48

Within the medical model, distinctive patterns of abnormal behavior are described as

back 48

-mental disorders or mental illnesses

front 49

According to Freud, abnormal behavior results from

back 49

-unresolved unconscious conflicts from childhood

front 50

Which theory would attribute a person’s depression to faulty interpretations of events and distorted thinking patterns?​

back 50

cognitive

front 51

The American Psychiatric Association once considered homosexuality as a type of mental disorder, but no longer does today. This fact is an example of which way that culture influences ideas about abnormality?

back 51

-the same behavior may be judged abnormal at some points in time, but not at others

front 52

Schizophrenia follows a _______ and typically develops _______.

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-lifelong course; in late adolescence or early adulthood

front 53

Which of the following involves the removal of normal restraints that serve to keep impulsive behaviors in check?

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-the disinhibition effect

front 54

Bonnie has been feeling extremely sad for the last two months. She has difficulty getting out of bed to face the day and has lost interest in formerly pleasurable activities. Occasionally, she thinks about committing suicide. She sounds like she may be suffering from ________ disorder.

back 54

-major depressive

front 55

Which of the following biological factors is most likely to be considered in the cognitive explanation of anxiety disorders?​

back 55

-minor changes in bodily sensations

front 56

Although they have different symptoms and characteristics, dissociative disorders and somatic symptom disorders are often grouped together because they both involve _______ defenses against _____.

back 56

-psychological; anxiety

front 57

Denise admires her boss greatly at first. They have an intense and productive working relationship, which then turns volatile. Denise exhibits episodes of anger and self-destructive behaviors at work, and is asked to leave. She finds another job, but the same pattern causes her to lose that position as well. What personality disorder best fits Denise’s behaviorial patterns?

back 57

-borderline personality disorder

front 58

Therapist Charlotte Maley is a behaviorist. She is most likely to suggest that depression is

back 58

-the result of losses or shortfalls in reinforcement levels

front 59

All but which of the following are myths about suicide?

back 59

-people who commit suicide are usually suffering from a psychological disorder, but are not insane

front 60

The basic explanation of dissociative identity disorder is that

back 60

-it represents a coping response to severe trauma

front 61

Pablo has an intense fear of giving oral presentations in class. He also is very fearful of dating. Based on this description, he is probably suffering from​

back 61

-social anxiety disorder

front 62

A personality disorder is defined as a disorder characterized by impairments in identity, in personality traits, and in ____.

back 62

-the establishment of empathy or intimacy

front 63

George was committed to a psychiatric hospital after he was caught happily shopping at the local supermarket without any clothes on. By what criterion is George’s behavior considered abnormal?

back 63

-social deviance

front 64

​In explaining the development of schizophrenia, the diathesis-stress model emphasizes

back 64

-the interaction of genetic predispositions and stress

front 65

Regarding causes of suicide, which of the following statements is false ?

back 65

-adolescents who have a friend who attempted suicide are less likely than their peers to attempt suicide themselves

front 66

Regarding gender and suicide, which of the following statements is true ?

back 66

-more women attempt suicide, but more men complete the suicide act

front 67

Regarding major depressive disorder,

back 67

-women are more likely than men to be affected

front 68

In a manic episode of bipolar disorder, a person might be characterized by all but which of the following?

back 68

-difficulty committing to decisions

front 69

​The patterns of behavior in personality disorders are, in many cases,

back 69

-highly resistant to change

front 70

Eleanor is a quiet 41-year-old housewife. Occasionally, she seems to “become” a 14-year-old male juvenile delinquent. Other times she “becomes” a 52-year-old, foul-mouthed alcoholic. This sounds like a textbook case of ____.

back 70

-dissociative identity disorder

front 71

All of the following are criticisms of the DSM except ​

back 71

-lack of specific criteria for formulating diagnosis

front 72

If you were to investigate the case studies of a number of people with dissociative identity disorder, you would probably find that these people ____.

back 72

-usually demonstrate personalities that are very different from each other

front 73

Which of the following statements about schizophrenia is true ?

back 73

-schizophrenia affects about 1% of the adult population

front 74

A class of psychological disorders involving changes in consciousness, memory, or self-identity is known as​

back 74

-personality disorders

front 75

As you wait for a bus, you notice a naked man casually walking down the sidewalk. This behavior is not acceptable and therefore is abnormal based upon the ____ definition of abnormal behavior.​

back 75

-deviation from social norms

front 76

Tatiana is a schizophrenia patient with delusional thinking. Based on this description, what is Tatiana most likely experiencing?

back 76

-false firm beliefs

front 77

After getting into an automobile accident while fighting with her fiancé, Chou reports that she cannot see. Examinations indicate no apparent medical condition. Based on this description, Chou may be suffering from

back 77

-functional neurological symptom disorder

front 78

Which of the following statements best captures the cognitive distortion of “mistaken responsibility”?

back 78

-my partner is angry today. I must have done something wrong

front 79

A major depressive disorder is defined as a disorder characterized by lengthy periods of depressed mood, loss of pleasure in normal activities, disturbances in sleep and appetite, difficulty concentrating, feelings of hopelessness, and ____.

back 79

-possible thoughts of suicide

front 80

Regarding the diathesis-stress model, which of the following statements is false ?

back 80

-whether a person having diathesis develops a particular disorder is primarily dependent on his or her cluster of personality traits

front 81

Which theorists are associated with the humanistic model of understanding behavior?

back 81

-Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

front 82

Garth goes to a psychodynamic therapist for treatment of his anxiety. What will be the goal of Garth’s therapy?​

back 82

-to unroot unconscious conflicts that give rise to his anxiety

front 83

Which way of defining abnormal behavior is most likely to change as society changes over time

back 83

-social norms approach

front 84

A breakdown in the logical structure of thinking and speech, revealed in the form of a loosening of associations, best describes which psychological disorder?​

back 84

-schizophrenia

front 85

Schizophrenia may involve imbalances in nerve pathways that utilize which neurotransmitter?

back 85

dopamine

front 86

A diathesis is a​

back 86

-predisposition or vulnerability to a disorder

front 87

“I can’t seem to pinpoint why I am so afraid of things. I can’t concentrate on my studies, can’t sleep at night, and I have headaches. I’ve felt like this for more than a year.” This person is most likely describing ____.

back 87

-generalized anxiety disorder

front 88

​Perhaps the earliest idea regarding abnormal behavior was that

back 88

-supernatural forces or demonic spirits were at work

front 89

​Regarding panic disorder, which of the following statements is false ?

back 89

-panic attacks can last more than an hour

front 90

Diana has borderline personality disorder. Which of the following best describes the major symptoms of her disorder?​

back 90

-tendency toward mood swings and stormy relationships with others

front 91

Edwina is constantly worried. She cannot really identify why she feels this way, and she finds it nearly impossible to relax. Edwina’s therapist believes her symptoms best represent​

back 91

-generalized anxiety disorder

front 92

Genetic studies demonstrate that the concordance rate for schizophrenia is

back 92

-highest among monozygotic twins

front 93

Humanistic theorists contend that abnormal behavior​

back 93

-develops from encountering obstacles on the road to personal growth

front 94

​The criterion of maladaptive behavior used in determining whether behavior is abnormal would likely to be applied to which of the following cases?​

back 94

-Nate, who has developed a drug abuse problem that is affecting his health

front 95

____ is marked by fluctuations between episodes of depression and mania.

back 95

-bipolar I disorder

front 96

Whenever Fritz leaves his house, he has a nagging thought that he is forgetting something. He goes back to check that he has turned off the water and stove and locked the door. Some days, it takes Fritz over an hour to actually leave the house. This sounds like a case of

back 96

-obsessive-compulsive disorder

front 97

Which of the following statements regarding criteria for determining abnormal behavior is false ?

back 97

-the one determining feature of abnormal behavior is unusualness

front 98

Which ethnic groups have relatively higher rates of suicide?

back 98

-caucasian americans and native americans

front 99

The irrational or excessive fear of enclosed spaces is called​

back 99

-claustrophobia

front 100

Nikita experiences periods of extreme sadness that alternate with periods of euphoric or elevated mood. Based on this description, Nikita is most likely to be suffering from​

back 100

-bipolar disorder

front 101

Regarding genetic factors in schizophrenia, which of the following statements is false ?

back 101

-investigators have identified a single gene that is responsible for creating a genetic predisposition for schizophrenia

front 102

Bipolar disorder was formerly called​

back 102

-manic-depression

front 103

Approximately what percentage of men could be classified as having antisocial personality disorder?​

back 103

-3 to 6%

front 104

All but which of the following people have a specific phobia?​

back 104

-Nicole, who is afraid of venturing out into open places

front 105

Which theorist is associated with the study of learned helplessness?​

back 105

-Martin Seligman

front 106

Freudian theory contends that depression​

back 106

-represents anger turned inwards

front 107

Because the anxiety is not tied to any particular object in generalized anxiety disorder, this type of anxiety is often described as​

back 107

-free-floating

front 108

Which of the following people can be described as having features of obsessive-compulsive disorder?

back 108

-Buckie, who unlocks and locks her door three times before she enters and leaves her home

front 109

​Ella finds herself extremely frightened whenever she sees a snake. This describes a form of

back 109

specific phobia