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Viewing:

Embryonic Development-Gastrulation

front 1

How does the blastula relate to clevage?

back 1

The blastula stage signals the end of the period in embryogenesis known as cleavage.

front 2

Blastula anotomical description

back 2

The blastula can be defined in anatomical terms as a hollow stage in the embryo’s development, with a cavity (the blastocoele), surrounded by an epithelial cellular layer called the blastoderm.

***The teleosts (bony Fishes) have a blastoderm that does not surround the “Blastocoele”

front 3

Blastula Formation

back 3

front 4

Blastula (single layer cell) Gastrula (Three cell layers- endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm)

back 4

front 5

Gastrula

back 5

  1. Rearrangement of cells of the embryo via morphogenetic movements
  2. Slower mitotic rate
  3. No significant growth
  4. metabolic change (increased oxidation)
  5. Embryonic nuclei become active
  6. Qualitative change in protein population

front 6

Gastrula 6 Primairy changes

back 6

  1. Rearrangement of cells of the embryo via morphogenetic movements
  2. Slower mitotic rate
  3. No significant growth
  4. metabolic change (increased oxidation)
  5. Embryonic nuclei become active
  6. Qualitative change in protein population

Real

New

Mice

Eat

Qualil

front 7

Frog Fate Map layers

back 7

front 8

Frog fate map external

back 8

front 9

Bony Fish fate map

back 9

front 10

Primary Organizers

back 10

  1. Micromeres- sea urchin
  2. Gray crescent- frog
  3. Dorsal Lip of Blastopore- Amphibian, Frog*
  4. Primitive Streak- chick, human

front 11

Micromeres- sea urchin

back 11

Primary Organizers

Note: clevage is equal at 2 cell stage

16 cell stage early clevage not complete

no green no orange but later these sections will become

front 12

Gray crescent- frog

back 12

Primary Organizers

front 13

Dorsal Lip of Blastopore- Amphibian, Frog*

back 13

Primary Organizers

front 14

Primitive Streak- chick, human

back 14

Primary Organizers

front 15

Primairy mesenchyme vs Secondary mesenchyme

back 15

front 16

Teleosts/Bony fish

Blastoderm/Blastocoele

back 16

Blastoderm does not surround the blastocoel, instead has cell death tube . Removed during excavation.

front 17

Ectoderm

Endoderm

Mesoderm

back 17

Ectoderm Blue/Green

Endoderm Yellow

Mesoderm Red/Orange

front 18

Ectoderm

Endoderm

Mesoderm

become...

back 18

front 19

Prospective Significance

back 19

Prospective Fate of a cell or group of cells due to their anatomical position in the embryo

front 20

Prospective Potency

back 20

Developmental Potential of a cell or group of cells under varying conditions, wherein new influences (inductive influences) are encountered.

front 21

Induction

back 21

When one cell or group of cells influences the fate of another cell or group of cells without necessarily affecting itself

front 22

Inductor

back 22

The cell or group of cells responsible for the influence mentioned above.

front 23

Embryonic Competency

back 23

The ability of cells to respond to the influence of an inductor

Period of competency is a fixed period of time.

front 24

Determination

back 24

Fixing the fate of cells during development(narrowing of the prospective potency so that it more closely equals the prospecting significance) when the prospective potency and prospective significance are the same we say that cells are fully determined (happens during the s-period of the cell cycle)

front 25

Differentiation

back 25

Physical (Anatomical) and Genetic/Biochemical (Physiological) expression of the fixed fate of cells.

front 26

Spacial Differentiation

back 26

Spatially different parts of the embryo take on different anatomical structure. Morphogenesis/ Organogenesis

front 27

Temporal Differentiation

back 27

Over a period of time different cells in an organ differentiates into different, specific cell types. Cytodifferentiation Histogenesis

front 28

Morphogenesis/ Organogenesis

back 28

Spacial Differentiation

front 29

Cytodifferentiation Histogenesis

back 29

Temporal Differentiation

front 30

Morphogenetic (Formative) Movements

back 30

Invagination- pushing in of an epithelium

Epiboly- Spreading of an epithelial layer so that it covers over epithelia

Ingression (immigration)- breaking-up of an epithelium followed by inward migration of individual cells

Involution- inward migration of an epithelium

Separation of epithelial layers

Local thickening followed by evacation

front 31

Invagination , Ingression, involution

back 31

front 32

Epiboly

back 32

front 33

Additional Morphogenetic Formative movements

back 33

  • Separation of epithelial layers
  • Local thickening followed by evacation

front 34

Draw Early Gastrulation

back 34

TOP

Red- Non-notochordal mesoderm

Orange- Chrdomesoderm

Yellow- Endoderm

Green- Neural Ectoderm

Blue- Epidermal Ectoderm

front 35

Draw Mid Gastrulation

back 35

BOTTOM

Red- Non-notochordal mesoderm

Orange- Chrdomesoderm

Yellow- Endoderm

Green- Neural Ectoderm

Blue- Epidermal Ectoderm

front 36

Villus Arrangement

back 36

Diffuse

Cotyledons

Zonary

Discoidal

Bidiscoidal

front 37

ICM=Inner Cell mass

TB- Trophoblast

HB- Hypoblast

EB- Epiblast

MES- mesoderm

YS- Yolk Sac

CH- Chorion

back 37

front 38

Chorion

back 38

front 39

Diffuse

Cotyledons

Zonary

Discoidal

Bidiscodal

back 39

Bidiscodial-same as discoidal but with 2 disks

front 40

Area Opeca Vasculosa

Area Pellucida

back 40

front 41

COLOR

back 41

front 42

mid gastrulation

back 42

front 43

When orange meets orange gastrulation stops.

back 43

front 44

blastula

early gastrula

late gastrula

back 44

front 45

Amnion

Allantois

Yolk Sac

Chorion

back 45

front 46

Yolk Stalk

back 46

front 47

Heart rudiment

back 47

front 48

Yolk plug

back 48

front 49

Gastrulation in the Chick

  1. Invagination of primitive pit (streak)
  2. Ingression of mesoderm

back 49

front 50

Primary Organ Rudiment Formation in the Chick

back 50

NO

SUCH

STUPID

LUCK

I

BROUGHT

APPLES

ANYWAY

  1. Neural tube formation with epilepsy
  2. Separation of the chordomersoderm from segimental mesoderm
  3. Somites forom from dorsal portion of segmental mesoderm
  4. Lateral plate mesoderm splits to form splanchnic mesoderm, somatic mesoderm, coelom
  5. Intermediate mesoderm forms nephrostone
  6. Body folds close forming gut
  7. Exocoele forms amniotic folds
  8. Amniotic folds form amnion and chorion (serosa)
  9. Amniotic folds form yolk sacs

front 51

Primary Organ Rudiment Formation in the Chick

  1. #formation with epilepsy
  2. Separation of the # from # mesoderm
  3. Somites forom from # portion of segmental mesoderm
  4. ## mesoderm splits to form splanchnic mesoderm, somatic mesoderm, coelom
  5. Intermediate mesoderm forms #
  6. Body folds # forming gut
  7. # forms amniotic folds
  8. Amniotic folds form # and # (serosa)
  9. Amniotic # form yolk sacs

back 51

Primary Organ Rudiment Formation in the Chick

  1. Neural tube formation with epilepsy
  2. Separation of the chordomersoderm from segimental mesoderm
  3. Somites forom from dorsal portion of segmental mesoderm
  4. Lateral plate mesoderm splits to form splanchnic mesoderm, somatic mesoderm, coelom
  5. Intermediate mesoderm forms nephrostone
  6. Body folds close forming gut
  7. Exocoele forms amniotic folds
  8. Amniotic folds form amnion and chorion (serosa)
  9. Amniotic folds form yolk sacs

front 52

Hilde mangold

back 52

  • Primary Organ Rudiment Formation in the Frog
  • Discovery of Primary Embryonic Organizer by Hilde mangold
  • demonstrated this effect with the frog’s dorsal lip (chordomesoderm)

Mangold ROL rude old lip

front 53

A.S.G. Curtiss crescent

back 53

demonstrated this effect with the frog’s gray crescent (presumptive chordomesoderm)

front 54

Determination

back 54

front 55

Determination vs Competency

back 55

?what a cell becomes vs its ability to become something ?

front 56

Types of Grafts

back 56

Always

Hang

Heavy

Xrays

    1. Autoplastic Transplant (autograft)- donor and host same individual
    2. Homolpastic transplant (homograft)- donor and host are different individuals of the same genus and species
    3. Heteroplastic transplant (hetrograft)- donor and host of same genus but different species
    4. Xenoplastic transplant (xenograft) donor and host more distant than genus

front 57

Autoplastic Transplant (autograft)

back 57

donor and host same individual

front 58

Homolpastic transplant (homograft)

back 58

donor and host are different individuals of the same genus and species

front 59

Heteroplastic transplant (hetrograft)

back 59

donor and host of same genus but different species

front 60

Xenoplastic transplant (xenograft)

back 60

donor and host more distant than genus