front 1 describe the anatomical position | back 1 "standing at attention" body erect, feet slightly apart but with palms facing out and thumbs away from the body |
front 2 what is the importance of directional terms? | back 2 allows us to explain where one body structure is in relation to another, saves words and it less ambiguous |
front 3 Define homeostatis | back 3 body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions, even though the outside world changes constantly |
front 4 negative and positive feedback | back 4 Negative- changes the variable back to its original state Positive- the output enhances the original stimulus. Negative inhibit and Positive enhance |
front 5 Explain the pH scale. which side indicates a base? Which side indicates an acid? Which accepts Hydrogen? Which releases Hydrogen? | back 5 pH scale is based on the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. anything higher than 7 is a base and anything lower than 7 is an acid. 7 is neutral. A base accepts H+ and an Acid releases H+ |
front 6 Why does spraying a hypertonic salt solution into the nasal cavity relieve a swollen, stuffy nose? | back 6 My nose cells will lose water from them (since my nose is hypotonic to the solution) making my think snot/congestion thinner. The salt (hypertonic) solution will draw out excess water from the mucus membrane (osmosis) reducing space the inflamed area occupies. |
front 7 What are the consequences of drinking excessive amounts of water (hypotonic to the body fluids)? Drinking salt water? | back 7 Water hypotonic means body hypertonic= more water going to the body, body loses salt causing brain and cell swelling. If body is hypotonic and salt water is hypertonic= the body will pull water out of the cells causing dehydration. |
front 8 DNA vs RNA | back 8 DNA- guidelines for living organisms, must follow to exist and remain functional. RNA-helps carry out DNA's guidelines. A copy of DNA |
front 9 What do enzymes do? How? Which macromolecule of life do they belong to? | back 9 Enzymes speed up/ increase chemical reactions. they breakdown larger molecules. Proteins. |
front 10 What is fiber? Macromolecule of life? How does it prevent hard stools (while drinking enough water)? Hydrophilic or hydrophobic? | back 10 Fiber or cellulose is a polysaccharide. It is hydrophilic. Fiber soaks up water as it passes through your system. |
front 11 Active transport vs Passive transport? What do they have in common? How are they different? | back 11 Active transport- movement of a molecule to a higher concentration gradient across a cell membrane. requires energy. Passive- movement without the need for energy. moves down concentration gradient. Both use channels to move ions across the cell membrane by moving their concentration gradient |
front 12 Parietal Pericardium | back 12 lines the thoracic cavity |
front 13 Visceral Pericardium | back 13 cover the heart |
front 14 Parietal Pleura | back 14 lines the pericardial cavity |
front 15 Visceral Peritoneum | back 15 covers the organs in the abdomino pelvic cavity |
front 16 Parietal Peritoneum | back 16 lines the abdominal pelvic |
front 17 the plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts is called the | back 17 frontal plane |
front 18 heartburn is most often felt in the | back 18 epigastric region |
front 19 homeostatic imbalance occurs when a | back 19 person sweats as a result of being hot |
front 20 select the option that shows increasing complexity levels | back 20 cellular, tissue, organ, organ system |
front 21 the process of maintaining a relatively stable internal condition is called | back 21 homeostasis |
front 22 the cranial cavity is housed in | back 22 the dorsal body cavity |
front 23 the opposite od superior is | back 23 inferior |
front 24 which choice below is NOT one of the 3 components of homeostatic control systems? | back 24 stimulus |
front 25 The respiratory system contains the | back 25 trachea, bronchi, and lungs |
front 26 the spleen is the largest organ in the | back 26 lymphatic system |
front 27 Which would be an example of positive feedback? | back 27 release of Oxycontin to increase the strength of labor contractions |
front 28 which internal organ is NOT housed in the ventral body cavity? | back 28 Spinal cord |
front 29 Which of the following body systems acts as a fast-acting control system for the body? | back 29 Nervous |
front 30 Which of the following body systems functions to produce blood cells? | back 30 Circulatroy |
front 31 Which of the following is NOT a necessary human life function? | back 31 Intelligence |
front 32 Which one of the following covers an organ? | back 32 Visceral Pericardium |
front 33 Distal-the elbow/ the shoulder | back 33 the elbow |
front 34 lateral-the shoulder/ the breastbone | back 34 the shoulder |
front 35 superior-the forehead/the chin | back 35 the forehead |
front 36 superficial- the skeleton/the muscle | back 36 the muscle |
front 37 proximal- the knee/the foot | back 37 the knee |
front 38 inferior-the liver/the small intestine | back 38 the small intestine |
front 39 The single most abundant element in the human body | back 39 oxygen |
front 40 which of the following are not included in axial part of the body? | back 40 The upper limbs |
front 41 The midsaggittal plane | back 41 divides the body into two equal but not identical left and right parts along the midline |
front 42 integumentary system | back 42 forms the external body coverings (hair, skin, nails), protects deeper tissues from injury. synthesizers vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure,ect.) receptors and sweat and oil glands. |
front 43 Skeletal System | back 43 bones and joints. protects and supports body organs, provides framework the muscles use to cause movement, blood cells formed within the bones, bones store minerals |
front 44 muscular system | back 44 skeletal muscles. allows manipulation of the environment |
front 45 lymphatic system/ immunity | back 45 red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes. picks up fluids leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood. disposes of debris. houses white blood cells. attacks foreign substances within the body. |
front 46 respiratory system | back 46 nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, lung. keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.gaseous exchange occurs through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs. |
front 47 digestive system | back 47 oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus. breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells, eliminated as feces. |
front 48 Nervous system | back 48 brain, nerves, spinal cord. fas ascting control system |
front 49 endocrine system | back 49 pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, testis, and ovary. secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells |
front 50 cardiovascular system | back 50 heart, blood vessels. transport blood, which carries oxygen carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, ect. |
front 51 urinary system | back 51 kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra. eliminates nitrogenous waste. regulates water, electrolytes, and acid base balance of the blood |
front 52 reproductive system | back 52 male-prostate, penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens. female- mammary gland (in breasts), uterus, ovary, uterine tube, vagina. offspring |
front 53 Which of the following organs lies in the dorsal cavity? | back 53 the spinal cord |
front 54 The body cavity which houses the lungs is known as the | back 54 pleural cavity |
front 55 the visceral serosa membrane | back 55 covers the outer surface of organs in a body cavity |
front 56 the cavity between bones at the joint in known as the | back 56 synovial cavity |
front 57 stomach,small intestine, large intestine, spleen, liver, bladder, rectum,ovaries | back 57 abdominopelvic cavity |
front 58 brain | back 58 cranial cavity |
front 59 spinal cord, | back 59 spinal/vertebral cavity |
front 60 heart, lungs | back 60 thoracic cavity |
front 61 epigastric | back 61 stomach, liver, pancreas |
front 62 Changing the _______ would change it into an atom of a different element/ | back 62 the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom |
front 63 Chemical bonds are | back 63 energy relationships between the electrons of the reacting atoms |
front 64 the outermost shell of an atoms is known as a | back 64 valance shell |
front 65 most of the unique properties of water result from the fact that water molecules | back 65 are polar and form hydrogen bonds |
front 66 a can of cola consists mostly of sugar dissolved in water, with some carbon dioxide gas that makes it fizzy and makes the pH less that 7. In chemical terms, you could say that cola is an aqueous solution where the water is _________, sugar is a ______, and a carbon dioxide makes the solutions________. | back 66 solvent...solute...acidic |
front 67 the smallest particle of an element is a molecule | back 67 False |
front 68 radioactive isotopes can be used in a medical study because | back 68 their location or quantity can be determined because of their radioactivity |
front 69 if the atoms in a molecule share electrons equally, the molecule is said to be nonpolar | back 69 true |
front 70 ice floats because water molecules in ice are more tightly packed than in liquid water | back 70 False |
front 71 atoms in a water molecule are held together by the sharing of electrons | back 71 true |
front 72 an atom that has gained or lost electrons is called an ion | back 72 true |
front 73 make a sketch that shows how water molecules hydrogen bond with one another? Why do water molecule form hydrogen bonds? What unique properties of water result from water's tendency to form hydrogen bonds? | back 73 H-O-H The bond between hydrogen and another element. Water molecules are attracted together with hydrogen bonds because the positive hydrogen connects with the negative oxygen. Water molecules form hydrogen bonds because the positive charge of the hydrogen atoms attracts to the negative charge of the oxygen atoms in another molecule. |
front 74 describe two ways in which the water in your body helps stabilize your body temperature. | back 74 absorbs and moves heat, sweats and cools by evaporation |
front 75 explain how electrons can occupy each orbital shell around an atomic nucleus? | back 75 1st shell always only holds 2 electrons, the following shells hold up to 8 each |
front 76 Distinguish between: ionic and hydrogen bonds polar and non-polar covalent bonds hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions | back 76 ionic-chemical bonds, transfer electrons from on atom to another hydrogen- between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom; weaker than ionic bonds polar- not equally shared Non-polar-equally shared hydrophobic- fear of water hydrophilic- love of water |
front 77 What does pH measure? Why do wee have a pH scale? | back 77 pH measures hydrogen ions. We use pH because each change in the pH scale represents a ten fold change |
front 78 What numbers on the pH scale indicate an acid? A base? A neutral? | back 78 7 is neutral. anything under 7 is an acid and anything over 7 is a base |
front 79 your body contains the greatest amount of which element? | back 79 Oxygen @ 65% |
front 80 Proton | back 80 neutral charge |
front 81 Electron | back 81 Negative charge |
front 82 Neutron | back 82 Positive Charge |
front 83 An acid is a substance that | back 83 donates hydrogen ions to solutions |
front 84 How an atom behaves when it comes into contact wth other atoms is determined by its | back 84 electrons |
front 85 Most of water's unique properties result from the fact that water molecules | back 85 are in constant motion |
front 86 atoms of different isotopes | back 86 have different numbers of neutrons |
front 87 an ion is formed when an atom | back 87 gains or loses and electron |
front 88 which of the following holds atoms together in a molecule? | back 88 ionic bonds between atoms |
front 89 an atom that normally has _____ electron in its outer shell would tend not to form chemical bonds with other atoms | back 89 8 |
front 90 a sodium atom has a mass number of 23. its atomic number is 11. how many electrons does it have (when it isnt an ion)? | back 90 11 |
front 91 which of the following are located in the nucleus of an atom? | back 91 protons and neutrons |
front 92 which of the following results from sharing electrons? | back 92 covalent bonds ionic bonds hydrogen bonds |
front 93 which f the following contributes little to the mass of an atom? | back 93 electrons |
front 94 Chemical reactions which release energy are? | back 94 exergonic |
front 95 all elements in the same column of the Periodic Table contain the same number of | back 95 electrons in the valance shell (outer most shell) |
front 96 Which of the following statements concerning pH is incorrect? | back 96 pH is a scale to measure hydroxyl ions (OH-) in a fluid |
front 97 A buffer | back 97 release hydrogen ions |
front 98 When isotopes are unstable they can spontaneously disintegrate through a process called | back 98 radioactive decay |
front 99 which of the following factors would speed up the rates of a chemical reaction? | back 99 high concentration of reagents |
front 100 atoms of the same element pocess the same number of | back 100 protons |
front 101 This bond is produced by the sharing of electrons | back 101 covalent |
front 102 Elements are substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical or physical means | back 102 True |
front 103 Electrical energy | back 103 represented by the flow of ions across a membrance |
front 104 Radiant energy | back 104 energy that travels in waves |
front 105 Mechanical energy | back 105 legs moving the pedal of a bicycle |
front 106 Chemical energy | back 106 when the bonds of ATP are broken, energy is released to do cellular work |
front 107 Electrons prefer to occupy orbitals that have the lowest energy | back 107 False |
front 108 Hydrophobic compounds do not dissolve easily in water | back 108 True |
front 109 The greater the hydrogen ion concentration, the lower the pH | back 109 True |
front 110 Nonpolar substances interact very easily with water | back 110 True |
front 111 An elements chemical reactivity is primarily determined by | back 111 how many electrons are in its outer shell (valence shell) |
front 112 Elements | back 112 the simplest form of chemical substances |
front 113 Molecules | back 113 2 or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds |
front 114 ions | back 114 atoms that have gained or lost electrons |
front 115 compounds | back 115 substance composed of 2 or more different elements the atoms of which are chemically combined |
front 116 atoms | back 116 the basic unit of all elements |
front 117 isotopes | back 117 version of an atom with different number of neutrons |
front 118 covalent bonds | back 118 a chemical bond where 2 atoms share the electrons in the outer shell |
front 119 hydrophobic interactions | back 119 nonpolar molecules aggregate together in water |
front 120 ionic bond | back 120 a chemical bond formed by the transfer of 1 or more electrons from the outer most energy level of 1 atom to that of the other |
front 121 hydrogen bonds | back 121 uneven charge distribution allows a slightly positive area on 1 molecule to weakly attract an adjacent negatively charged area or another molecule |
front 122 where in the tertirary structure of a water soluble protein would you most likely find an amino acid with a hydrophobic R group? | back 122 on the inside, away from water |
front 123 Cows can derive nutrients from cellulose because | back 123 one of their stomachs contain prokaryotes that can hydrolyze the bondof cellulose |
front 124 long chain like molecules made of many similar units are known as | back 124 polymers |
front 125 primary structure | back 125 the linear sequence of amino acids in a chain |
front 126 secondary structure | back 126 alpha and beta regions fold upon each other |
front 127 Tertiary Structure | back 127 composed of a helices and b pleated sheets |
front 128 Quaternary Structures | back 128 2 or more proteins joined and working together |
front 129 Lipids differ from other macrmolecules in that they | back 129 are not true polymers |
front 130 Unsaturated fats | back 130 have double bonds in their fatty acid chains |
front 131 List 3 kinds of different Lipids and describe | back 131 Triglycerides-fatty acid, neutral fat, liquid state,efficient energy storing Phospholipids- motified, 1 hydrophobic end, 1 hydorphilic end Steroids- hydrohobic |