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A&P 2 Respiratory System

front 1

  1. Name the specific cartilages in the larynx that correspond to the following descriptions:
    1. forms the Adam’s apple?
    2. a “lid” for the larynx?
    3. vocal cord attachment?

back 1

  1. Thyroid
  2. epiglottis
  3. arytenoid

front 2

What is the significance of the fact that the human trachea is reinforced with cartilaginous rings?

back 2

Prevents its collapse during pressure changes occurring during breathing.

front 3

The glottis is the opening to the?

back 3

The glottis is the opening to the larynx that is continued caudally by the trachea.

front 4

Breathing air through the nose provides multiple functions. What function would be most impacted while breathing dry air?

back 4

humidifying the air

front 5

Air moves into the lungs because the gas pressure in the lungs is ……..than outside pressure?

back 5

lower than the outside pressure as the diaphragm contracts. Boyle's law

front 6

Occasionally food or liquids will “go down the wrong pipe,” initiating a cough reflex. Which structural barrier has been breached if this happens?

back 6

epiglottis

front 7

Men tend to have deeper voices than women because their vocal cords _______?

back 7

are longer and thicker

front 8

Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the?

back 8

upper respiratory tract.

front 9

As the bronchial tree terminates in bronchioles, the principal material comprising their walls is smooth muscle. What functional purpose does this smooth muscle provide?

back 9

The presence of smooth muscle allows the walls of the bronchioles to constrict and provides control over air flow.

front 10

Dalton's law states that in a mixture of gases like air, the total pressure is the?

back 10

in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.

front 11

The function of the mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity is/are?

back 11

warm air, moisten the air, trap small particles entering the nasal cavity

front 12

The volume of air that enters or leaves the lungs during a normal respiratory cycle is the?

back 12

tidal volume

front 13

The pressure in the alveoli is known as __________?

back 13

Intrapulmonary

front 14

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as?

back 14

converted to bicarbonate ions and transported in plasma.

front 15

Air moves into the lungs during inspiration due to the force of __________?

back 15

atmospheric pressure.

front 16

Blood CO2 levels and blood pH are related. When blood CO2 levels increase, does the

pH increase or decrease? Explain why?

back 16

Decrease because CO2 combines with H20 to produce carbonicc acid (H2CO3) which dissociates and liberates a H ion

High CO2 = High H+ = Low pH (Acidic)

Low CO2 = Low H+ = High pH (Basic)

front 17

Air is forced out of the lungs during normal expiration due to _________?

back 17

elastic recoil of tissues

front 18

Where are the neural control centers of respiratory rhythm?

back 18

  1. Medulla oblongata
  2. Pons

front 19

Boyle’s law explains that _________?

back 19

the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume.

front 20

During an asthma attack, bronchioles become severely _______. Taking epinephrine causes them to _______?

back 20

constricted; dilate

front 21

The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the?

back 21

pharynx

front 22

Infant respiratory distress syndrome occurs because premature infants lack the ability to produce _______, which _______?

back 22

surfactant... lowers surface tension

front 23

The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are which respiratory structure?

back 23

alveoli

front 24

Even the most forceful exhalation leaves air in the lungs; this is called the ______ and is needed to _______?

back 24

Residual volume; keep alveoli patent

front 25

Air passing from the pharynx to the trachea must pass through the?

back 25

Larynx

front 26

The process of internal respiration involves?

back 26

Gas exchange between the blood in the systemic capillaries and the tissue fluid of the body

front 27

Why is the rate of CO2 exchange roughly equivalent to that of O2 despite its less steep pressure gradient?

back 27

CO2 is more soluble in water than is O2

front 28

The function of the mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity is/are?

back 28

warm air, moisten the air, trap small particles entering the nasal cavity

front 29

The function of the nasal conchae is to……..?

back 29

enhance the air turbulance in the cavity and to increase the mucosal surface area exposed to the air.

front 30

Red blood cells contain the enzyme _____, which catalyzes the formation of carbonic

acid?

back 30

carbonic anhydrase

front 31

________ is the most potent chemical influencing respiration?

back 31

CO2

front 32

the opening to the larynx is?

back 32

Glottis

front 33

. Air passing from the pharynx to the trachea must pass through the?

back 33

Larynx

front 34

The right lung has ______ lobes; the left lung has ______ lobes?

back 34

  • Right Lung 3
    • superior, middle, and inferior
  • Left Lung 2
    • superior and inferior

front 35

This structure prevents food from entering the airway is called?

back 35

Epiglottis

front 36

The airway between the larynx and the primary bronchi is the?

back 36

TRACHEA

front 37

The membrane that adheres to the outer surface of the lungs is the?

back 37

Visceral Pleura

front 38

Which bronchial branch delivers air to the lobes of the lungs?

back 38

Secondary Bronchi

front 39

An increase in the volume of a container filled with air would have what effect on the

pressure of the container?

back 39

Decrease

front 40

The portion of the pharynx that receives both air and food is the….?

back 40

oropharynx

front 41

Surfactant decreases the __________ in the alveoli?

back 41

surface tension

front 42

The volume of air remains in the lungs after maximal expiration is _______ Volume?

back 42

residual volume

front 43

When the diaphragm is relaxed air______ of the lung and when diaphragm is contracted

air _______the lung?

back 43

  1. exits
  2. enters

front 44

Which pressure is responsible for keeping the lungs from collapsing?

back 44

Transpulmonary pressure

front 45

The pressure exerted by each type of gas in a gas mixture is the __________ of that gas?

back 45

partial pressure

front 46

The majority of carbon dioxide is transported as_______?

back 46

Bicarbonate

front 47

Hemoglobin has the highest affinity for which of the following: O2; CO2; CO?

back 47

CO

front 48

The chloride shift refers to?

back 48

chloride ions moving into or out of the red blood cell

front 49

A decrease in pH will have what effect on the respiration rate?

back 49

Increase

front 50

Do the following factors generally increase or decrease the respiratory rate and depth?

  1. increase in blood CO2?
  2. decrease in blood O2 ?
  3. increase in blood pH?

back 50

  1. increase
  2. increase
  3. decrease

front 51

Why are the cartilages that reinforce the trachea C-shaped?

back 51

so that food can pass down the esophagus

front 52

Boyle's law states that gas volume is indirectly proportional to……?

back 52

its pressure

front 53

The following is a list of some of the structures of the respiratory tree. Place them in

order in which air passes through these structures:

1. Secondary bronchi

2. Bronchioles

3. Alveolar ducts

4. Primary bronchi

5. Respiratory bronchioles

6. Alveoli

7. Terminal bronchioles

back 53

4, 1, 2, 7, 5, 3, 6

  1. Primary Bronchi
  2. Secondary Bronchi
  3. Bronchioles
  4. Terminal Bronchioles
  5. Respiratory bronchioles
  6. Alveolar ducts
  7. Alveoli

front 54

The largest cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage?

back 54

thyroid

front 55

What path does air take when flowing from the glottis to the respiratory membrane?

back 55

larynx> trachea> bronchi> bronchioles>alveolar duct> alveolar sac> respiratory membrane

front 56

What role do the nasal conchae play in the respiratory system?

back 56

Nasal conchae warm, humidify, filter and direct air in the nasal passages. The conchae, which are also called turbinates, consist of bones, tissues and vessels

front 57

. Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is bound to?

back 57

heme groups in hemoglobin

front 58

If surfactant is not produced, alveoli _____ due to ______.?

back 58

the alveoli would collapse as a result of surface tension in the thin layer of water that moistens the alveolar surfaces.

front 59

In pneumonia, fluid accumulates in the alveoli of the lungs and bronchioles constrict.

What effect does pneumonia have on vital capacity?

back 59

Decrease in vital capacity

front 60

What is the functional relationship between hemoglobin and pH?

back 60

As blood nears the lungs, the carbon dioxide concentration decreases, causing an increase in pH. This increase in pH increases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen through the Bohr effect, causing hemoglobin to pick up oxygen entering your blood from your lungs so it can transport it to your tissues.

front 61

Surfactant helps prevent the alveoli from?

back 61

Collapsing by interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

front 62

Which law states that in a mixture of gases like air, the total pressure is the sum of the

individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture?

back 62

Dalton's Law

front 63

Why cartilaginous rings of trachea are incomplete posteriorly (i.e. why are they “C” shape structres)?

back 63

allow the trachea to collapse slightly so that food can pass down the esophagus

front 64

Diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood is external or internal

respiration?

back 64

External respiration

front 65

The first event in expiration is?

back 65

the diaphragm and external intercostal respiratory muscles relax

front 66

Activation of the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles begins the inspiratory

process. What effect does contraction of these muscles have on thoracic volume, and how

is this accomplished?

back 66

increase in thoracic volume. The diaphragm moves inferiorly, increasing the superior/inferior dimension; the ribs swing up and out, increasing the lateral and anterior and posterior dimensions

front 67

Which law indicates that gas volume is indirectly proportional to pressure?

back 67

Boyle's law

front 68

What is the function of the pleural membranes?

back 68

produce a serous fluid that reduces friction during breathing movements and helps to hold the lungs tightly to the thorax wall which keeps the lungs inflated.

front 69

What is internal respiration?

back 69

gas exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues

front 70

. The function of the mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity is/are?

back 70

warm air, moisten the air, trap small particles entering the nasal cavity

front 71

Name three functions of the nasal cavity mucosa?

back 71

warms, moisten; filter the air that passes through the nasal cavity

front 72

. The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial

fluids is?

back 72

internal respiration.

front 73

Trace a molecule of oxygen from the nostrils to the pulmonary capillaries of the lungs?

back 73

NOSTRILS -> NASAL CAVITY -> PHARYNX -> LARYNX -> TRACHEA -? PRIMARY BRONCHUS -> SECONDARY BRONCHI -> TERTIARY BRONCHI -> BRONCHIOLE -> RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLE -> ALVEOLAR DUCT ->ALVEOLAR SAC -> ALVEOLAR/CAPILLARY WALLS -> PULMONARY BLOOD

front 74

What portions of the respiratory system are referred to as anatomical dead space?. Why?

back 74

ALL RESPIRATORY PASSAGEWAYS (CONDUCTING ZONE STRUCTURES), BESIDES RESPIRATORY ZONE STRUCTURES, FROM NASAL CAVITY TO TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES.

WHY = THEY HAVE NO EXCHANGE FUNCTION

alveolar

respiratory ducts

front 75

External respiration involves the diffusion of gases between the …….. and the circulating

blood?

back 75

alveoli

front 76

The presence of a partial vacuum between the pleural membranes is integral to normal

breathing movements. What would happen if an opening were made into the chest cavity,

as with a puncture wound?

back 76

Destroys the partial vacuum in the pleural space and the lung on the affected side collapses.

front 77

. Write the respiratory volume term and the normal value that is described by the following

statements, using the following key: inspiratory reserve, residual volume, tidal volume,

expiratory reserve

  1. Volume of air present in the lungs after a forceful expiration?
  2. Volume of air that can be expired forcibly after a normal expiration?
  3. Volume of air that is breathed in and out during a normal respiration?
  4. Volume of air that can be inspired forcibly after a normal inspiration?

back 77

  1. residual volume/ 1200 ml
  2. expiratory reserve volume/ 1000-1200 ml
  3. tidal volume/ 500 ml
  4. inspiratory reserve volume/ 2100-3100 ml

front 78

The inverse relationship between pressure and volume is known as …..law?

back 78

Boyles law

front 79

When measuring vital capacity of the lung, would vital capacity measurement differ if

you performed the test while standing? While siting? Explain?

back 79

Yes, both, when lying down or sitting the abdominal organs press against the diaphragm, making it harder for the diaphragm to move inferiorly

front 80

What is the ultimate function of breathing?

back 80

to deliver oxygen to cells, where it takes part in the reactions of cellular respiration that liberate energy from nutrient molecules and get rid of carbon dioxide, which maintains the pH of the internal environment.

front 81

. Where are the neural control centers of respiratory rhythm?

back 81

  1. Medulla oblongata
  2. Pons

front 82

Where are sensory receptors sensitive to changes in blood pressure located?

back 82

Aortic arch, carotid sinus

front 83

The force that moves air into the lungs during inspiration comes from the?

back 83

atmospheric pressure

front 84

What is the primary factor that initiates breathing in a newborn infant?

back 84

increase levels of CO2 in the blood which is monitored by chemorecpters

(There isnt a chemorecpter for O2 Levels)

front 85

If surfactant is not produced, alveoli _____ due to ______.?

back 85

the alveoli would collapse as a result of increase surface tension in the thin layer of water that moistens the alveolar surfaces.

front 86

Explain how the carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer system of the blood operates?

back 86

to control body pH. The lungs expel CO2, which raises pH, because hydrogen ions have to be consumed with bicarbonate ions in order to produce CO2

front 87

The hard palate separates the ______ cavity and the _____ cavity

back 87

Anterior part of oral cavity from nasal cavity

front 88

What role does exhalation of carbon dioxide play in maintaining relatively constant blood

pH?.

back 88

CO2 leaves blood, preventing an accumulation of carbonic acid

front 89

Do the following factors generally increase or decrease the respiratory rate and depth?

  1. increase in blood CO2?
  2. decrease in blood O2 ?
  3. increase in blood pH?

back 89

  1. increase
  2. increase
  3. decrease
  4. increase
  5. CO2

front 90

  1. Define the following terms:
    1. external respiration?
    2. internal respiration?
    3. cellular respiration?

back 90

  1. the diffusion of gases across the gas exchange membrane into blood from the external environment
  2. diffusion of gases across the gas exchange membrane from blood into tissues
  3. is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products.

front 91

The vocal folds are located in the?

back 91

larynx

front 92

List the events of respiration?

back 92

  1. Pulmonary ventilation
  2. External respiration
  3. Respiratory gas transport
  4. internal respiration

front 93

Use the following key terms to match them with appropriate description bellow: Key:

Palate (hard and soft), esophagus, trachea, larynx, epiglottis, parietal pleura, conchae ,

alveolus

  1. connects the larynx to the primary bronchi?
  2. covers the glottis during swallowing of food?
  3. food passageway posterior to the trachea?
  4. site from which oxygen enters the pulmonary blood?
  5. contains the vocal cords?
  6. pleural layer lining the walls of the thorax?
  7. increases air turbulence in the nasal cavity?
  8. separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity?

back 93

  1. Trachea
  2. Epiglottis
  3. Esophagus
  4. Alveolus
  5. larynx
  6. Parital pleura
  7. Conchae
  8. Palate (hard and soft)

front 94

. Hyperventilation is usually accompanied by a decrease in blood CO2 concentration and a

rise in?

back 94

decrease in blood CO2 concentration and a rise in pH

front 95

Laryngitis is a potentially dangerous condition because?

back 95

obstruct the airway

front 96

What is the function of the structures labeled "12"(Use the diagram bellow)?

back 96

Conchae

Function: Cause air turbulence in order to warm air

front 97

. Identify the structure labeled "7." ?

back 97

Pharynx

front 98

What is the function of the structure labeled "8"?

back 98

Epiglottis

Function: To direct food

front 99

Which structure vibrates to produce sound?

back 99

Larynx

front 100

Name the structures

back 100

  1. Right Superior Lobe
  2. Primary Bronchi
  3. Left Superior Lobe
  4. Secondary Bronchi
  5. Tertiary Bronchi
  6. Left Inferior Lobe
  7. Right Middle Lobe
  8. Right Inferior Lobe
  9. Terminal Bronchi
  10. Respritory Bronchi
  11. Alveolus duct
  12. Alveolus
  13. Alveolus duct
  14. Alveolus sac