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Exam 3

front 1

Of the 8–10 L of fluid entering the GI tract daily, _______.

back 1

  • only 100–200 mL are excreted in the stool

front 2

Which of the following is NOT considered an accessory to the digestive system?

back 2

enteric nervous system

front 3

Food is pushed along the digestive tract by ___________.

back 3

  • peristaltic contractions of smooth muscle in digestive tract walls

front 4

Mucus is a viscous secretion produced by _____ cells

back 4

  • mucus
  • serous
  • goblet
  • All of the above

front 5

Which function(s) is/are NOT continuously regulated by the GI tract?

back 5

absorption

front 6

Bicarbonate secretion occurs primarily in the _______.

back 6

small intestine

front 7

Intrinsic factor is secreted by the parietal cells of the stomach and is required for the absorption of _________.

back 7

vitamin B12

front 8

The body’s specific immune response is mediated by _______.

back 8

antibodies

front 9

The leukocytes primarily responsible for the specific immune response are _______.

back 9

lymphocytes

front 10

Which of the following are associated with allergic reactions and parasitic diseases?

back 10

eosinophils

front 11

Which of the following are phagocytes?

back 11

  • monocytes
  • neutrophils
  • macrophages
  • eosinophils
  • All of the above

front 12

Blocking the antigen receptors on the lymphocyte surface would interfere with ___________.

back 12

the lymphocyte’s ability to recognize antigen

front 13

B lymphocytes are primarily activated by the activities of _______.

back 13

  • helper T cells

front 14

The most common white blood cell in the blood is the ________.

back 14

neutrophil

front 15

Increased levels of which of the following acute-phase proteins is associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease?

back 15

  • C-reactive protein

front 16

True or false? The secondary immune response is quicker and larger because of effector cells that remain behind after the first exposure.

back 16

True

front 17

Innate immunity includes ________.

back 17

  • gastric acid
  • lysozymes
  • skin
  • A, B, and C

front 18

A cell in the body is recognized as “self” by its __________ and is therefore not targeted by the immune response for destruction.

back 18

  • MHC membrane proteins

front 19

Autoimmune diseases _____________.

back 19

  • act against the body’s normal components

front 20

  • Which of the following release mediators that contribute to inflammation?

back 20

basophils

front 21

  • Which immune cells are associated with antibody secretion?

back 21

plasma cells

front 22

Heart muscle cells get their oxygen _______.

back 22

  • from coronary arteries

front 23

The right ventricle normally has less muscle mass than the left ventricle and creates less pressure when it contracts because _________.

back 23

  • pulmonary resistance is less than systemic resistance

front 24

The oxygen content of blood in the aorta is _____ the oxygen content of blood in the pulmonary artery.

back 24

  • greater than

front 25

Which factor is most important in influencing blood flow?

back 25

  • diameter of the vessels

front 26

If there is no flow from A to B, then you know that the pressure in A is _____ the pressure in B.

back 26

  • the same as

front 27

If there is flow from B to C, then you know that the pressure in B is _____ the pressure in C.

back 27

  • higher than

front 28

Given tubes of equal length and diameter (and the inflow/outflow pressures below), which will have the highest flow?

back 28

  • in = 70 mm Hg, out = 10 mm Hg

front 29

If radius (r) increases, then resistance (R) will ___________.

back 29

decrease

front 30

In myocardium, voltage-gated K+ channels are found in the _____ cells and contribute to the _____ phase of the action potential.

back 30

  • autorhythmic and contractile;
    repolarization

front 31

Calcium ions play a direct role in the action potentials of ________.

back 31

  • all myocardial cells

front 32

Which of the following is the SAME in the action of a neuron and of autorhythmic myocardium?

back 32

  • ion(s) responsible for falling phase

front 33

In myocardium, voltage-gated Na+ channels are found in the _____ cells and contribute to the _____ phase of the action potential.

back 33

  • contractile; depolarization

front 34

True or false? The refractory period in a cardiac muscle fiber lasts almost as long as the entire muscle twitch.

back 34

true

front 35

Which graph represents sympathetic influence on heart rate (in both cases the light grey line is "normal," or without influence)?

back 35

A

front 36

In which graph is the K+ permeability during the pacemaker potential increased?

back 36

B

front 37

The electrical signal for contraction of the heart begins when the _________ fires an action potential.

back 37

  • sinoatrial node (SA node)

front 38

The T wave of the ECG shows _______.

back 38

  • None of the above

front 39

The P wave of the ECG shows _______.

back 39

  • atrial depolarization

front 40

With which ECG feature is isovolumic ventricular contraction most closely associated?

back 40

  • QRS complex

front 41

The average blood pressure is highest in the ______.

back 41

aorta

front 42

Cardiac output is the product of _________.

back 42

  • heart beat rate and stroke volume

front 43

  • During isovolumic ventricular contraction, which of the following occurs?

back 43

pressure increases

front 44

  • In which stage of the cardiac cycle is the pressure in the ventricle NOT greater than the pressure in the atria?

back 44

isovolumic ventricular relaxation

front 45

  • Why does the heart generate a larger force with greater ventricular stretch?

back 45

As sarcomere length increases, contraction force increases.

front 46

  • Which of the following has the greatest effect on blood flow resistance?

back 46

vessel diameter

front 47

  • Which pressure best represents the driving pressure of the heart?

back 47

mean arterial pressure

front 48

When an arteriole dilates, blood flow through it _______.

back 48

  • increases

front 49

If one arteriole constricts and nothing else changes, what will happen to mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

back 49

  • It will increase.

front 50

True or false? Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is estimated as diastolic pressure minus one-third of pulse pressure.

back 50

false

front 51

Mean arterial pressure is determined by _____________.

back 51

  • cardiac output
  • resistance of the system to blood flow
  • the distribution of blood in the systemic circulation
  • total blood volume
  • All of the above

front 52

When oxygen content of tissue interstitial fluid decreases, systemic arterioles _______.

back 52

dilate

front 53

A sudden elevation in aortic blood pressure _____.

back 53

  • reduces stroke volume

front 54

The decrease in blood pressure upon standing is known as ______________.

back 54

  • orthostatic hypotension

front 55

Which blood components have no nucleus?

back 55

  • Two of the above

front 56

The term for the production of blood cells is _____________.

back 56

  • hematopoiesis

front 57

Blood cells are produced in the ________.

back 57

  • bone marrow

front 58

An athlete using EPO is hoping to generate an increase in _______.

back 58

  • red blood cells

front 59

True or false? Red blood cells in the circulation live for approximately 120 days.

back 59

true

front 60

What is the role of collagen in coagulation?

back 60

  • It starts the intrinsic pathway.

front 61

What is the role of tissue factor, also called tissue thromboplastin or factor III, in coagulation?

back 61

  • It starts the extrinsic pathway.

front 62

The end product(s) of the coagulation cascade is/are ______.

back 62

  • fibrin polymers

front 63

Platelets function in

back 63

transporting chemicals important for clotting.

forming temporary patches in injured areas.

contraction after clot formation.

initiating the clotting process.

All of the answers are correct.

front 64

The QRS complex of an ECG corresponds to

back 64

the progressive wave of ventricular depolarization.

front 65

The biconcave cells in blood that lack nuclei when they are mature are the

back 65

red blood cells.

front 66

The Cardiovascular System is a closed loop of a series of tubes filled with fluid that is comprised of

back 66

the heart

blood vessels

blood

all of the above (heart, blood vessels and blood)

front 67

Molecules that attract immune cells are known as

back 67

chemotaxins

front 68

Which of the following acts as the earliest form of defense against exogenous pathogens in the list?

back 68

skin

front 69

During strenuous exercise, cardiac output (CO)

back 69

rises dramtically

front 70

Autorhythmic cells

back 70

are also called pacemakers because they set the rate of the heartbeat.

front 71

When the immune system creates a response that is overblown in relation to the threat it has been exposed to, the response is called an

back 71

allergic reaction

front 72

In the heart, valves are located

back 72

between atria and ventricles and between ventricles and arteries.

front 73

The mean arterial pressure (MAP) is important because

back 73

it represents the driving pressure for blood flow.

front 74

Put these autorhythmic cells into the correct order for conveying electrical signals through a normal heart.

  1. bundle of His
  2. internodal pathway
  3. Purkinje fibers
  4. atrioventricular node
  5. sinoatrial nodes
  6. left and right bundle branches

back 74

5, 2, 4, 1, 6, 3

front 75

ECGs

back 75

show the summed electrical potentials generated by all cells of the heart.

front 76

What type of immunity can be transferred by bodily fluids from one person to another, thus conferring immunity to the recipient?

back 76

humoral immunity

front 77

Due to the differences in opposing forces, there is net ________ occurring at the arteriolar end of most capillaries, coupled with net ________ at the venous end.

back 77

filtration, absorption

front 78

Which event happens at the start of a cardiac cycle?

back 78

The SA node fires.

front 79

________ cells enable the immune system to respond more quickly if the same antigen is encountered a second time.

back 79

Memory

front 80

When the heart is in fibrillation,

back 80

effective pumping of the ventricles ceases because the myocardial cells fail to work as a team, and the brain cannot get adequate oxygen.

front 81

The normal pacemaker of the heart is the

back 81

sinoatrial node.

front 82

The cardiac output is equal to

back 82

the product of heart rate and stroke volume.

front 83

Atrial contraction

back 83

begins during the latter part of the P wave.

front 84

Which type of blood vessel holds the greatest volume of blood?

back 84

Vein

front 85

The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is activated by the

back 85

release of tissue factor by a damaged endothelium.

front 86

A decrease in which population of lymphocytes would impair all aspects of an immune response?

back 86

helper T cells

front 87

Lymphocytes that attack foreign cells or body cells infected with viruses are

back 87

cytotoxic T cells.

front 88

Where are the sensors for the arterial baroreceptor reflex located?

back 88

carotid sinus and aortic arch

front 89

The _______ supply blood to the heart muscle itself.

back 89

  • coronary arteries

front 90

The right ventricle pumps _______ blood into the _______ circulation.

back 90

  • deoxygenated; pulmonary

front 91

The oxygen content of blood in the aorta is _______ the oxygen content of blood in the pulmonary artery.

back 91

greater than

front 92

Which of the following pairings is NOT correct?

back 92

  • narrow end of the heart that points downward → base

front 93

Which of these statements about the heart is FALSE?

back 93

  • The action potential of a cardiac contractile
    cell is identical to that of a skeletal muscle cell.

front 94

Which of the following is the SAME regarding the action potential of a neuron and of a myocardial contractile cell?

back 94

  • Na+ influx is responsible for depolarization phase
  • K+ efflux is responsible for rapid repolarization phase
  • A and B

front 95

In the myocardium, voltage-gated K+ channels are found in the _______ cells and contribute to the _______ phase of the action potential.

back 95

  • autorhythmic and contractile; repolarization

front 96

In cardiomyocytes, voltage-gated Na+ channels are found in the _______ cells and contribute to the _______ phase of the action potential.

back 96

  • contractile; depolarization

front 97

The refractory period in a cardiac muscle fiber lasts almost as long as the entire muscle twitch.

back 97

true

front 98

  • If the membranes of the cardiac muscle cells in the SA node become more permeable to potassium ions,

back 98

  • B) the heart rate will decrease.

front 99

Why is it necessary to direct the electrical signals in the heart through the AV node instead of allowing them to spread directly from the atria to the ventricles?

back 99

Answer: If electrical signals from the atria were conducted directly into the ventricles, the ventricles would start contraction at the top. The blood would be squeezed downward and would be trapped in the bottom of the ventricles.

front 100

Explain what is meant by the terms respiratory pump and skeletal muscle pump. Why are these important to the cardiovascular system?

back 100

  • Both refer to pressure exerted on the blood in veins that assist in venous return.
  • During the pressure changes in the thoracic cavity associated with normal breathing, pressure in the thoracic portion of the inferior vena cava fluctuates, resulting in blood being drawn upward in the vena cava during each inhalation.
  • Contractile activity of normal skeletal muscle momentarily squeezes the veins within and near the muscles, also helping to propel the blood. These and other slight pressure changes are essential because the overall pressure gradient of the venous system is low.

front 101

The immune system does which of the following?

back 101

removes dead or damaged cells

  • protects against pathogens
  • removes abnormal cells that arise during cell replication
  • A,B and C

front 102

Physical barriers are the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Which of the following is an example of a physical barrier?

back 102

mucous membranes lining the GI and respiratory tracts

front 103

In multiple sclerosis, the immune system attacks

back 103

myelin sheaths of neurons.

front 104

Autoimmune diseases _____________.

back 104

act against the body’s normal components

front 105

When the immune system creates a response that is overblown in relation to the threat it has been exposed to, the response is called an

back 105

allergic reaction.

front 106

Which of the following are associated with allergic reactions and parasitic diseases?

back 106

  • eosinophils

front 107

Which of the following are phagocytic?

back 107

  • monocytes
  • neutrophils
  • macrophages
  • eosinophils
  • All of the above

front 108

What is the most common leukocyte in the blood?

back 108

neutrophil

front 109

Most leukocytes circulate in the blood but migrate outside of the vessels to perform their function. Which of the following pairings represent the same cell?

back 109

  • monocytes; macrophages

front 110

Acute-phase proteins increase immediately in response to injury or invasion of a pathogen but may persist in chronic inflammatory diseases. Which of the following is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease?

back 110

  • C-reactive protein

front 111

Which of the following chemicals stimulate pain receptors?

back 111

bradykinins

front 112

The complement cascade terminates in which of the following?

back 112

  • membrane attack complex
  • lipid-soluble proteins inserted into the infected cell membrane
  • cell death
  • All of the above

front 113

A sphygmomanometer measures

back 113

blood pressure.

front 114

Blood pressure and flow to the brain are monitored by receptors located in the wall of the

back 114

carotid artery.

front 115

Impulses that the vagus nerve carries to the heart

back 115

are parasympathetic and decrease heart rate.

front 116

Which of the following might serve as a secondary pacemaker for the heart?

back 116

Both AV node and Purkinje fibers

front 117

When the ventricular walls contract,

back 117

the mitral and tricuspid valves close.

front 118

The term used to describe the amount of blood in the ventricle available to be pumped out of the heart during the next contraction is

back 118

end-diastolic volume (EDV).

front 119

The cells responsible for cell-mediated immunity are the

back 119

T lymphocytes

front 120

The depolarization of the pacemaker action potential spreads to adjacent cells through

back 120

gap junctions.

front 121

NK cells cause apoptosis of viral-infected cells is a type of ______________ immunity.

back 121

nonspecific

front 122

An abnormally slow heart rate is termed

back 122

bradycardia.

front 123

Which of the following is the correct sequence of parts through which blood moves from the vena cava to the lungs?

back 123

Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve

front 124

A person's blood type is determined by

back 124

the presence or absence of specific glycoprotein molecules on their cell membrane.

front 125

The spleen _______.

back 125

positions immune cells to encounter foreign invaders

AND

encapsulates lymphoid tissues

front 126

Stem cells that will form T lymphocytes are modified in the

back 126

thymus.

front 127

Plasma is mostly

back 127

Water

front 128

The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is activated by the

back 128

release of tissue factor by a damaged endothelium.

front 129

A person with blood type B should be able to receive a successful blood transfusion from a donor of which blood type(s)?

back 129

B or O, but no other types

front 130

An abnormally slow heart rate is termed

back 130

bradycardia.