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Viewing:

The Digestive System

front 1

The breaking down of food molecules for use by body cells is known as

back 1

Digestion

front 2

The Digestive Process includes:

back 2

  1. Ingestion
  2. Movement of food
  3. Digestion
  4. Absorption
  5. Defication

front 3

There are two types of digestions:

back 3

  • Mechanical
  • Chemical

front 4

The physical break down of food material with instruments, in this case teeth, tongue, etc. is known as

back 4

Mechanical Digestion

front 5

The break down of food via enzymes, acids, carbohydrates (to simple sugars), lipids (to glycerol and fatty acids), proteins (into shorter AA sequences), etc... is known as

back 5

Chemical Digestion

front 6

G.I. Tract stands for

back 6

Gastro Intestinal Tract (Digestive Tract)

front 7

_____________ is a continuous tube, about 30 ft. long, which includes:

  1. Mouth
  2. Pharynx
  3. Esophagus
  4. Stomach
  5. Small Intestine
  6. Large Intestine
  7. The Anus

back 7

G.I. Tract

front 8

G.I. tract uses ______________________ as the supportive structure peripheral to the digestive tract.

back 8

Accessory Organs

front 9

As accessory organs for the G.I. Tract we find:

back 9

  • Teeth
  • Tongue
  • Salivary Glands
  • Gastric and Intestinal Glands
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Pancreas
  • Appendix

front 10

Histiology of the GI Tract includes

back 10

  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis Externa
  4. Serosa

front 11

The innermost lining of the GI tract, a continuous mucous membrane from the mouth to the anus.

back 11

Mucosa or Mucous membrane

front 12

1) Mucosa's main function is to:

back 12

  • Secrete mucus, digestive enzymes and hormones
  • Absorb the end products of digestion into the blood
  • Protect against infectious disease.

Which GI may perform one or the three of them depending the particular region.

front 13

Mucosa consists of three sublayers:

back 13

  1. Lining Epithelial
  2. Lamina Propia
  3. Muscularis mucosa

front 14

a- Lining Epithelial in the GI Tract is found in TWO types:

back 14

  1. Stratified Squamous Epithelium located in:
    • Mouth
    • Esopagus
  2. Simple Columnar Epithelium
    • From Stomach to Anus

front 15

Stratified Squamous Epithelium works for mouth and esophagus to (function)

  • ___________________________
  • __________________________

back 15

  • Protect from abrasion
  • Secretion of mucous and enzymes

front 16

Simple Columnar Epithelium works from the esophagus to the anus for...

  • _____________________________
  • _____________________________

back 16

  • Secretion and
  • Absorption

front 17

b- Lamina Propia is

  1. made of _______________,
  2. highly _________________,
  3. contain many ________ vessels and some _______
  4. Supports the _______________ and binds it to _________________
  5. Contains _____________ epithelium

back 17

  1. Loose C.T.
  2. Vascularized
  3. Lymph vessels and some Nodes
  4. Epithelium, and binds it to Muscularis Mucosa
  5. Glandular

front 18

c- Muscularis Mucosa is made of:

  1. _______________, which
  2. Pproduces __________________
  3. Contain ____________
  4. Form the ___________

back 18

  1. a scant layer of Smooth Muscle Cells
  2. local movements of the mucosa
  3. visceral muscle fibers
  4. form the Vili Folds

front 19

2) Submucosa is the layer below the ______________

It is made of ________________ which binds _________ and ____________ together. It is highly _____________.

back 19

  • Mucosa
  • Dense CT
  • Muscularis and mucosa
  • Vascularized

front 20

3) Muscularis Externa is the layer below the __________.

  • Composed of ____ layers of __________:
    1. ______
    2. ______
  • They are involved in _______________.

back 20

Submucosa

  • 2 layers of muscle
    1. Circular Muscle
    2. Longitudinal Muscle
  • Peristalsis

front 21

4) Serosa is the ____________ layer, also called _______

_________________.

back 21

outer-most

Viscerous Peritoneum

front 22

  • Serosa layer is made (most of the time) of _____________ ____________ epithelium. However there are some structures Serosa uses to bind to the neighbor organs. P.e.
  • Attached to Serosa, there is an extension of the peritoneum which binds the small intestine to the abdominal wall called ____________________.
  • Another structure used to connect the Large Intestine to the abdominal wall is ___________.
  • ______________ ___________ attaches liver to the diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall.
  • _________ ______________ suspends stomach and duodenum from the liver
  • _________ _____________ a large "apron-like" fold of the serosa (stomach) an area of fat storage, conains lymph nodes.

back 22

  • Simple Squamous Epithelium
  • Mesentery
  • Mesocolon
  • Falciform Ligament
  • Lesser Omentum
  • Greater Omentum

front 23

GI Tract structures and accesory organs:

1) ________________ is formed by cheeks, hard and soft palates and tongue, stratified squamous epithelium

back 23

  1. Mouth or Buccal Cavity

front 24

2) _________________ moves food over the teeth, comprised of skeletal muscle. Also involved in speech, and contains taste buds.

back 24

Tongue

front 25

3) ______________ are made of fleshy folds of skin surrounding the opening of the mouth

back 25

LIPS

front 26

4) _____________________ The non-keratinized pigmented border between the skin and the mouth, this pigmented area occupies the transition zone.

back 26

Vermilion

front 27

What zone does Vermilion transition?

back 27

It is the transition zone between Dry and Wet Skin

front 28

5) _________ __________ is the mucous membrane connecting the gingiva to the lip.

back 28

Labial Frenulum

front 29

6) ________________ is the space between the cheeks, and the teeth and gingiva

back 29

Vestibule

front 30

7) _________________ is a membranous fold of tissue on the underside of the tongue which attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth.

back 30

Lingual Frenulum

front 31

8) ___________________ are projections (on the surface of the tongue in the GI Tract), and we find different types:

  • _________________
  • _________________
  • _________________

back 31

Papillae

  • Filiform
  • Fungiform
  • Circumvallate

front 32

Papillae "mushroom-like", which covers the tip of the tongue

back 32

Funjiform Papillae

front 33

Papillae Doughnut-like, form an inverted "V" on the posterior surface of the tongue.

back 33

Circumvallate Papillae

front 34

Papillae conical, covers anterior 2/3's of the tongue

back 34

Filiform Papillae

front 35

9) _________ _________ secrete saliva to keep membranes moist and to soften and dissolve food materials.

Saliva also contains salivary enzyme called _________.

back 35

  • Salivary Glands
  • Enzyme amylase

front 36

The major Salivary Glands are:

  • _______________
  • _______________
  • _______________

back 36

  • Parotid Gland
  • Submandibular Gland
  • Sublingual Gland

front 37

This gland is located under and in front of the ears

back 37

Parotid Gland

front 38

This gland is located under the base of the tongue

back 38

Submandibular Gland

front 39

This gland is located under the tongue

back 39

Sublingual Gland

front 40

The secretions of the salivary glands are called ________.

  • It has a pH of ____________
  • It is ____% Water and the rest is salivary _______.
  • Body produces ______ to ______ ml/day.

back 40

Saliva

  • 6.35
  • 95% and Salivary Amylase
  • 1000 to 15000 ml/day

front 41

Salivary Amylase _______ _______ starches into simpler __________

back 41

  • Breaks down
  • Sugars

front 42

10) This accessory structure of GI tract is involved in mechanical digestion to destroy food in mouth.

back 42

Teeth

front 43

  • Babies teeth are called _____________, and there are ______ of this kind.
  • Adults teeth are called _____________, and there are ______ of this kind.

back 43

  • Deciduous Teeth
  • 20
  • Permanent Teeth
  • 32

front 44

Permanent and Deciduous Teeth are divided in 4 types:

  1. ____________ known as chisel-shaped
  2. ____________ known as cone-shaped of fangs
  3. ____________ known as Premolars
  4. ____________

back 44

  1. Incisors
  2. Cuspids of Canines
  3. Bicuspids
  4. Molars

front 45

Their main function is:

  1. Incisors
  2. Cuspids of Canines
  3. Bicuspids
  4. Molars

back 45

  1. Incisors - Cut food
  2. Cuspids of Canines - Pier/hole/tear food
  3. Bicuspids - grind food
  4. Molars - pulverized food

front 46

Dental formula

back 46

I2/2 : C1/1 : B2/2 : M3/3 = 16 teeth total of One Half of the Mouth

front 47

Oral Cavity involves different accessory organs like this one known as the "gums," this tissue surrounds the teeth, and its official name is ____________

back 47

Gingiva

front 48

The inflamation of gingivae is known as

back 48

Gingivitis

front 49

The exposed portion of the teeth is known as _________ ____________, and the ___________ __________ is the top portion covered with a hard white material called ____________.

back 49

  • Clinical Crown
  • Anatomical Crown
  • Enamel (only covers the crown)

front 50

The constricted portion of the tooth where the crown and root meet is known as ___________

back 50

Neck

front 51

The portion of the tooth which is embedded in the alveolar portion of the maxillae or mandible is known as ________.

It is covered with a bone-like substance called _________.

back 51

  • ROOT
  • Cementum

front 52

_________ __________ anchor the root in the bony socket (alveolus) of the jaw.

This junction forms a fibrous joint called a _________

back 52

  • Periodontal Ligaments
  • Gomphosis

front 53

___________ is a protein-rich bonelike material, underlies the enamel cap and forms the bulk of the tooth.

back 53

  • Dentin

front 54

_________ _________ is the unhardened central cavity of the tooth, contains arterial and venous capillaries and nerves.

back 54

Pulp Cavity

front 55

  • ________ ________ is a canal that runs from the pulp cavity down through the central portion of the root.
  • _________ _________ is the openingn at the end of this _______ canal.

back 55

  • Root Canal
  • Apical Foramen
  • Root

front 56

Remember that The grinding up of the food stuff by the teeth is called

back 56

Mechanical Digestion

front 57

  • The pulverization or physical breakdown of food and the mixing of the food with saliva is known as ____________, and...
  • The act of swallowing a food stuff is called ___________

back 57

  • Mastication
  • Deglutination

front 58

_______ is a rounded mass of a substance, especially of chewed food at the moment of swallowing.

back 58

Bolus

front 59

11) _______________ is a muscular tube (A10 inches long) from the pharynx to the stomach.

  • Lines with __________ ___________ ___________
  • _________ is used to move bolus from the Pharynx to the stomach through this muscular contraction.

back 59

  • Esophagus
  • Stratified Squamous Epithelium
  • Peristalsis

front 60

12) ____________ is an enlarged section of the digestive tract which is formed of :

  • Cardiac Region
  • Fundus Region
  • Body
  • Pyloris

back 60

  • Stomach

front 61

____________ The outside curvature of the stomach

back 61

Greater Curvature

front 62

___________ the inside curvature of the stomach

back 62

Lesser Curvature

front 63

____________ the large folds in the stomach that contain gastric pits with gastric glands

back 63

Rugea

front 64

The smooth lining is dotted with millions of Gastric ________, which are holes that lead into tubular gastric glands that produce the stomach secretion called ____________

back 64

  • Gastric Pits
  • Gastric Juice

front 65

Cells that line in the Gastric Pit are secretary gland cells, and are - Please tell what they do produce:

  • _
  • _
  • _
  • _

back 65

  • Mocous Cells
  • Parietal Cells
  • G Cells
  • Chief Cells

front 66

  • Mocous Cells

back 66

Secrete Mucus

front 67

  • Parietal Cells -

back 67

secrete HCL (which activates Pepsin from Pepsinogens)

front 68

  • G Cells - Gastrin (hormone)

back 68

Secrete Gastrin (Hormone)

front 69

Chief Cells -

back 69

Produce Pepsinogen and Secrete Lipase.

front 70

The food that has been mixed with water and gastric juices, and has been in the GI Tract for more than 2-3 hours is calles

back 70

Chime

front 71

__________ is an:

  • Active Enzyme that comes from Pepsinogens.
  • Breaks down proteins into shorter AAs Sequences

back 71

Pepsin

front 72

____________ is an active enzyme that:

  • splits butterfat molecules found in milk (only in babies).

back 72

Gastric Lipase

front 73

________ curds milk so it will stay in an infants stomach longer

back 73

Rennin

front 74

_____________ promotes secretion of gastric juices and increases motility of the stomach until the pH reaches 2.0. This is made by _____________

back 74

  • Gastrin
  • G Cells

front 75

_____________ decreases gastric secretions

back 75

  • Secretín

front 76

_________________ inhibit stomach emtying

back 76

Cholecystokinin

front 77

13) ____________ is found in the duodenal loop formed as the duodenum leaves the stomach.

  • Produces Enzymes that break down all categories of foodstuffs.
  • Tadpole-shaped Gland that extends across the abdomen from its tail (next to the spleen) to its head, which is encircled by the C-shaped duodenum.
  • It is Retroperitoneal and lies deep in the greater curvature of the stomach.

back 77

Pancreas

front 78

Pancreas contains exocrine and endocrine parts:

  • The exocrine part of the pancreas produces: ________________ ____________, which consists of :
    • Acini
    • Ducts that transport Acinar cells
    • _______of pancreatic cells (acinar cells) secrete Bicarbonate Ion and Pancreatic Enzymes

back 78

  • Pancriatic Juice
  • 99%

front 79

  • The endocrine part of the pancreas represents 1% in ___________________, which are
  • Alpha and __________ cells and secrete
  • ____________ and ___________ hormones that play an important role in _____________ metabolism.

back 79

  • Pancreatic islets
  • Beta
  • Insulin and glucagon
  • Carbohydrate

front 80

  • Pancreas secrete about _____ to _____ ml of pancreatic fluid each day.
  • Also produces ______________ that breaks into Trypsin
  • and produces chymotrypsinogen that breakes into ____________

back 80

  • 1200 to 1500 ml
  • Trypsinogen
  • chymotrepsin

front 81

14) The second largest gland of the body.

  • Its main function is to process the nutrient-rich blood delivered to it
  • It has a falciform ligament which attaches it to the diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall.

back 81

Liver

front 82

Liver functional cells are called __________ cells, they form ___________

back 82

  • Hepatic cells or Hepatocytes
  • Bile

front 83

Liver is composed of seasame seed-sized structural and functional units called_____________.

Consists of radial cords of ________ cells arranged around a _________ ______, capillaries enlarge to form vessels called ____________ which are lined with __________ reticuloendothelial cells (phagocytes). This remove ________ as ____________ and worn-out _______ cells from the blood as it flows past.

back 83

  • Lobules
  • Hepatic
  • Central vein
  • sinosoids
  • Stellate
  • debris
  • bacteria
  • blood cells

front 84

BILE Pathway

  1. ________ is secreted by the hepatic cells into ______ __________ which channel the bile into small ducts which eventually become the ______ and _______ ________ Ducts.

back 84

  • Bile
  • bile canaliculi
  • Right
  • Left Hepatic

front 85

2- These bile ducts join to form the _______________________________

back 85

  • Common Hepatic Duct

front 86

3- The common hepatic duct and the ___________ duct (from __________) join to form the ________ _____________ Duct.

back 86

  • Cyliac Duct
  • Gallbladder
  • Common Bile Duct

front 87

4- The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct join to form the _________________ __________ which empties into the duodenum via called __________ _________

back 87

  • hepaticpancreatic Ampulla
  • Duodenal Papilla

front 88

Hepatic Blood supply

1- The ___________ artery delivers oxygenated blood from the aorta to the liver.

back 88

  • Hepatic Artery

front 89

2- The ___________ ________ vein carries deoxygenated blood containing nutrients from the digestive tract.

back 89

  • Hepatic Portal Vein

front 90

3- The hepatic vein empties blood from the __________ to the IVC

back 90

Liver

front 91

4- Blood from the ___________________ vein and the _____________ artery enters into the sinusoids of the ______________ of the liver. This blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the ________ cells and ____________ _______________ cells also known as ___________ cells

back 91

  • Hepatic Portal
  • Hepatic
  • lobules
  • hepatic cells
  • stellate reticuloendothelial cells
  • Kepffer's cells

front 92

In liver, nutrients are stored or used to make new materials, poisons are stored or detoxified, and the blood is returned to the system.

Each lobule drains into its ______________ vein .

Many central veins join to form the _________ vein which drains into the IVC

back 92

  • central vein
  • hepatic vein

front 93

_______ is a salt produced b the hepatic cells, used to ____________ fats into smaller droplets to increase the surface area for __________ to act on fats by braking them down.

back 93

  • Bile
  • emulsify
  • lipase

front 94

  • _____ to ______ ml/day of Bile a day.
  • pH of ____ to ____, which is __________

back 94

  • 800 to 1000 ml
  • 7.6 to 8.6
  • Alkaline

front 95

____________ and _________ sumarize the hormonal and neural mechanism that control Bile secretion. HOWEVER, the major stimulus for enhance Bile secretion, is ___________

back 95

  • Secretin
  • CCK

front 96

  • Secretin stimulates _________ and the flow of ___________
  • CCK stimulates flow of ______________ and release _________ from the _____________

back 96

  • hepatic cells
  • Pancreatic Juice
  • Pancreatic Juice
  • Bile
  • Gallbladder

front 97

Functions of the Liver are

  1. Carbohydrate metabolism - __________
  2. Lipid Metabolism - ________________
  3. Protein metabolism - _______________
  4. Removes _________ , _________ and ______
  5. Hepatic cells produce ________ for Fat ______
  6. Stores vitamines ___, ____, _____, _____ (fat soluble) and _______ (water soluble), _______ and _________
  7. Phagocytosis to remove ___________ and old _____ and _____
  8. Helps in the activation of vitamin ___

back 97

  1. Glycogen to glucose, etc.
  2. breaks down fats
  3. Deaminate proteins
  4. drogs, hormones and detox poison
  5. Bile for fat emulsification
  6. Stores vitamins A,D,E,K and B12. Iron and Copper
  7. Bacteria and old RBCs and WBCs
  8. D

front 98

15) _________________ is a pear-shaped sac which is used to store and concentrate bile salts.

back 98

Gallbladder

front 99

Gallbladder main function is to secrete __________ into the _____________ for fat _______________.

back 99

  • Bile
  • Duodenum
  • Emulsification

front 100

16) ___________ is 1" Diameter.

  • The major portion of absorption and digestion occurs in this intestine, about _____%
  • It is divided into:
    • __________
    • __________
    • __________

back 100

  • Small Intestine
    • 90%
    • Duodenum
    • Jujunum
    • Ilium

front 101

  • ________ - originates at the pyloric valve of the stomach - about 10" long.
  • ________ - 90% of nutrients absorption. It is about 8 feet long.
  • ________ - Joins to the large intestine, absorption of B12. It is about 12 Feet Long

back 101

  • Duodenum
  • Jujunum
  • Ilium

front 102

  • The mucosa of the small intestine contains _____ where intestinal glands are located
  • Intestinal Glands called _________ of _________ - secrete digestive enzymes like ______, _________, and __________

back 102

  • pits
  • Crypts of Lieberkuhn
  • peptase, lipase and amylase

front 103

  • Duodenal glands known as __________ ________ - secrete mucus to protect _______
  • _______ cells secrete mucus to protect _________ lining from acids.

back 103

  • Brunner's Glands
  • cells
  • Goblet
  • stomach