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Campbell Biology Chapter 38 Key Terms

front 1 sepals	back 1 A modified leaf in angiosperms that helps enclose and protect a flower bud before it opens.
front 2 petals	back 2 A modified leaf of a flowering plant. Petals are the often colorful parts of a flower that advertise it to insects and other pollinators.
front 3 stamens	back 3 The pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an anther and a filament.
front 4 carpels	back 4 The ovule-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary.

front 5 receptacle	back 5 The base of a flower; the part of the stem that is the site of attachment of the floral organs.
front 6 anther	back 6 In an angiosperm, the terminal pollen sac of a stamen, where pollen grains containing sperm-producing male gametophytes form.
front 7 ovary	back 7 In flowers, the portion of a carpel in which the egg-containing ovules develop.
front 8 style	back 8 The stalk of a flower’s carpel, with the ovary at the base and the stigma at the top.

front 9 stigma	back 9 The sticky part of a flower’s carpel, which receives pollen grains.
front 10 ovules	back 10 A structure that develops within the ovary of a seed plant and contains the female gametophyte.
front 11 pistil	back 11 A single carpel or a group of fused carpels.
front 12 complete flowers	back 12 A flower that has all four basic floral organs: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.

front 13 incomplete flowers	back 13 A flower in which one or more of the four basic floral organs (sepals, petals, stamens, or carpels) are either absent or nonfunctional.
front 14 inflorescences	back 14 A group of flowers tightly clustered together.
front 15 microspores	back 15 A spore from a heterosporous plant species that develops into a male gametophyte.
front 16 pollen grain	back 16 In seed plants, a structure consisting of the male gametophyte enclosed within a pollen wall.

front 17 pollen tube	back 17 A tube that forms after germination of the pollen grain and that functions in the delivery of sperm to the ovule.
front 18 embryo sac	back 18 The female gametophyte of angiosperms, formed from the growth and division of the megaspore into a multicellular structure that typically has eight haploid nuclei.
front 19 megaspores	back 19 A spore from a heterosporous plant species that develops into a female gametophyte.
front 20 pollination	back 20 The transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules, a process required for fertilization.

front 21 coevolution	back 21 The joint evolution of two interacting species, each in response to selection imposed by the other.
front 22 endosperm	back 22 In angiosperms, a nutrient-rich tissue formed by the union of a sperm with two polar nuclei during double fertilization. The endosperm provides nourishment to the developing embryo in angiosperm seeds.
front 23 double fertilization	back 23 A mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms in which two sperm cells unite with two cells in the female gametophyte (embryo sac) to form the zygote and endosperm.
front 24 dormancy	back 24 A condition typified by extremely low metabolic rate and a suspension of growth and development.

front 25 seed coat	back 25 A tough outer covering of a seed, formed from the outer coat of an ovule. In a flowering plant, the seed coat encloses and protects the embryo and endosperm.
front 26 hypocotyl	back 26 In an angiosperm embryo, the embryonic axis below the point of attachment of the cotyledon(s) and above the radicle.
front 27 radicle	back 27 An embryonic root of a plant.
front 28 epicotyl	back 28 In an angiosperm embryo, the embryonic axis above the point of attachment of the cotyledon(s) and below the first pair of miniature leaves.

front 29 coleoptile	back 29 The covering of the young shoot of the embryo of a grass seed.
front 30 coleorhiza	back 30 The covering of the young root of the embryo of a grass seed.
front 31 imbibition	back 31 The physical adsorption of water onto the internal surfaces of structures.
front 32 fruit	back 32 A mature ovary of a flower. The fruit protects dormant seeds and often aids in their dispersal.

front 33 simple fruits	back 33 A fruit derived from a single carpel or several fused carpels.
front 34 aggregate fruit	back 34 A fruit derived from a single flower that has more than one carpel.
front 35 multiple fruit	back 35 A fruit derived from an entire inflorescence.
front 36 accessory fruit	back 36 A fruit, or assemblage of fruits, in which the fleshy parts are derived largely or entirely from tissues other than the ovary.

front 37 fragmentation	back 37 A means of asexual reproduction whereby a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into whole new individuals.
front 38 apomixis	back 38 The ability of some plant species to reproduce asexually through seeds without fertilization by a male gamete.
front 39 vegetative reproduction	back 39 Cloning of plants by asexual means.
front 40 dioecious	back 40 In plant biology, having the male and female reproductive parts on different individuals of the same species.

front 41 self-incompatability	back 41 The ability of a seed plant to reject its own pollen and sometimes the pollen of closely related individuals.
front 42 callus	back 42 A mass of dividing, undifferentiated cells growing in culture.
front 43 stock	back 43 The plant that provides the root system when making a graft.
front 44 scion	back 44 The twig grafted onto the stock when making a graft.

front 45 transgenic	back 45 Pertaining to an organism whose genome contains a gene introduced from another organism of the same or a different species.
front 46 protoplast fusion	back 46 The fusing of two protoplasts from different plant species that would otherwise be reproductively incompatible.
front 47 biofuels	back 47 A fuel produced from dry organic matter or combustible oils produced by plants.