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A&P Chapter 24 Nutrition, Metabolism, and Body Temperature Regulation

front 1 To quiz yourself select the cards option from the note card set and good luck with your class.	back 1 Here are other helpful study guides: http://www.easynotecards.com/notecard_set/70700 http://www.easynotecards.com/notecard_set/3288 http://www.easynotecards.com/notecard_set/13802 http://www.easynotecards.com/notecard_set/36677 http://www.easynotecards.com/notecard_set/13471 https://quizlet.com/57781682/metabolism-flash-cards/
front 2 The movement of H+ through the ATP synthase is best described as an example of ______. hydrolysis facilitated diffusion simple diffusion active transport	back 2 facilitated diffusion
front 3 Oxygen is consumed during which of the lettered processes? A B C D and E E, F, and G	back 3 C
front 4 Which of the following events is NOT depicted in the figure? transfer of electrons and hydrogen atoms from a food molecule to a coenzyme formation of a high energy phosphate-phosphate bond generation of an electrochemical gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane the reduction of an oxygen molecule	back 4 transfer of electrons and hydrogen atoms from a food molecule to a coenzyme

front 5 Proton pumps within the electron transport chain transport H+ ions ______. from matrix to intermembrane space from intermembrane space to cytoplasm from cytoplasm to matrix from matrix to cytoplasm	back 5 from matrix to intermembrane space
front 6 Which of the following describes the event depicted on the right side of the figure? active transport of H+ ions oxidative phosphorylation substrate-level phosphorylation oxidation of ADP	back 6 oxidative phosphorylation
front 7 Which of the following pathways act as a source for the electrons carried by the NADH and FADH2 molecules shown in this figure? glycolysis the krebs cycle both A and B neither A nor B	back 7 both A and B
front 8 Which of the following is NOT an end product of the Krebs cycle? FADH2 NADH CO2 citric acid	back 8 citric acid

front 9 Most ATP in cellular respiration is generated in glycolysis. True False	back 9 False
front 10 The body is able to form glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors. True False	back 10 True
front 11 The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available fuel for neurons and blood cells is ________. protein acetyl CoA fat glucose	back 11 glucose
front 12 It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because ________. most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients very few foods contain vitamins vitamins provide protection against the common cold all vitamins are water soluble and pass out of the body too quickly to ensure utilization	back 12 most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients

front 13 Prostaglandins play a role in ________. skeletal muscle contraction noninflammatory responses control of blood volume control of blood pressure	back 13 control of blood pressure
front 14 Select the correct statement about proteins. Proteins can be synthesized in the body if most of the amino acids are present. Proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbohydrates are ingested. Strict vegetarians need not worry about adequate protein intake, as most vegetables are almost perfect sources of amino acids. Catabolic steroids (hormones) accelerate the rate of protein synthesis.	back 14 Proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbohydrates are ingested.
front 15 The term essential nutrient refers to the chemicals that can be interconverted in the liver so that the body can maintain life and good health. True False	back 15 False
front 16 The most abundant dietary lipids in the diets of most Americans are triglycerides. True False	back 16 True

front 17 Ammonia, which is a byproduct of protein metabolism, is converted to __________ primarily in the __________. urea; liver ketones; kidney ketones; liver urea; kidney	back 17 urea; liver
front 18 The primary goal during the postabsorptive state is to __________. maintain blood glucose levels within an adequate range break down glucose in the liver form glycogen build fat reserves	back 18 maintain blood glucose levels within an adequate range
front 19 The process of breaking triglycerides down into glycerol and fatty acids is known as ________. fat utilization gluconeogenesis lipogenesis lipolysis	back 19 lipolysis
front 20 When ketone bodies are present in the blood and urine in large amounts, it usually indicates increased metabolism of ________. glycogen amino acids lactic acid fatty acids	back 20 fatty acids

front 21 A major means for conserving heat is __________. vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels enhanced sweating increased metabolic rate increased convective loss	back 21 vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels
front 22 During glycolysis, glucose must be activated by how many ATP molecules? one two three five ten	back 22 two
front 23 Most vitamins __________. are metabolized to make ATP are used as building blocks for the body are carbohydrates function as coenzymes in the body	back 23 function as coenzymes in the body
front 24 One function of vitamin A is to __________. transfer electrons in cellular respiration form visual pigments assist in blood clotting help with calcium absorption synthesize DNA	back 24 form visual pigments

front 25 The hormone responsible for setting the basal metabolic rate is __________. thyroxine melatonin insulin melanin glucagon	back 25 thyroxine
front 26 The site of electron transport is the __________. mitochondrial matrix mitochondrial inner membrane (cristae) cytoplasm Golgi body mitochondrial outer membrane	back 26 mitochondrial inner membrane (cristae)
front 27 The main integrating center for thermoregulation is located in the __________. thymus gland spinal cord liver mitochondrion hypothalamus	back 27 hypothalamus
front 28 Which coenzyme is reduced in both glycolysis and the Krebs cycle? manganese NAD coenzyme A FAD vitamin A	back 28 NAD

front 29 Which element below is considered a trace mineral? sodium phosphorus potassium chlorine chromium	back 29 chromium
front 30 Which lipoprotein contains the most cholesterol? LDL chylomicron VLDL IDL HDL	back 30 LDL
front 31 Nutritionally incomplete proteins are low in __________. one or more of the major vitamins one or more of the coenzymes one or more of the essential fatty acids one or more of the essential amino acids	back 31 one or more of the essential amino acids
front 32 Most of the ATP produced during cellular respiration is produced by __________. substrate-level phosphorylation oxidative phosphorylation during the chemiosmotic process glycolysis the Krebs cycle gluconeogenesis	back 32 oxidative phosphorylation during the chemiosmotic process

front 33 A function of the liver during the postabsorptive state is __________. lipogenesis to store excess glucose by glycogenesis electron transport to release glucose to mobilize glucose reserves by glycogenolysis glycolysis	back 33 to mobilize glucose reserves by glycogenolysis
front 34 The hormone that controls essentially all events of the absorptive state is __________. thyroxine glucagon ADH insulin calcitonin	back 34 insulin
front 35 Which of the following factors makes it harder for an obese person to lose weight? an increase in taste receptors an increase in thyroxine levels as fat levels accumulate an increase in alpha receptors (the kind that favors fat accumulation) in fat cells an increase in heat loss from the body that requires more food intake an increase in metabolism that increases appetite	back 35 an increase in alpha receptors (the kind that favors fat accumulation) in fat cells
front 36 Which of the following is the amount of energy the body needs in order to perform only the most essential activities and is often referred to as the “energy cost of living”? BMR BMI TMR MR	back 36 BMR

front 37 Which of the following is NOT a physiological response to hypothermia? reduced respiratory rate shivering drowsiness dehydration reduced heart rate	back 37 dehydration
front 38 A kilocalorie is the amount of energy __________. stored in 1 kilogram of water needed to heat 1 kilogram of water 1°C needed to move 1 kilogram of water 1 meter needed to heat 1 kilogram of water 1°F	back 38 needed to heat 1 kilogram of water 1°C
front 39 Essential nutrients refer to nutrients that are __________. stored in the body for times of starvation synthesized every day in the body only found in grains limited in synthesis and therefore must be consumed	back 39 limited in synthesis and therefore must be consumed
front 40 Prolonged high protein intake can lead to __________. loss of bone mass a negative nitrogen balance kidney damage muscle building	back 40 loss of bone mass

front 41 Which of the following substances is considered a provitamin? niacin beta-carotene iron vitamin D	back 41 beta-carotene
front 42 Which of the following fat-soluble vitamins is NOT stored in the body? vitamin E vitamin K vitamin A vitamin D	back 42 vitamin K
front 43 The final product of glycolysis is __________. two molecules of pyruvic acid, two molecules of NAD+, and a net gain of two ATP two FAD molecules glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate two molecules of acetyl coenzyme A and two molecules of carbon dioxide	back 43 two molecules of pyruvic acid, two molecules of NAD⁺, and a net gain of two ATP
front 44 Cyanide acts as a poison by __________. blocking glycolysis interfering with the flow of electrons in the electron transport chain abolishing the proton gradient by making the cristae membrane permeable to H+ irreversibly binding to oxygen	back 44 interfering with the flow of electrons in the electron transport chain

front 45 During fasts lasting several weeks, blood glucose is maintained by __________. glycogenolysis gluconeogenesis glycolysis lipolysis	back 45 gluconeogenesis
front 46 A low-density lipoprotein contains __________. a low cholesterol content a high lipid content a high amino-acid content a high protein content	back 46 a high lipid content
front 47 The role of __________ is to transport excessive cholesterol from peripheral tissue to the liver, where it is broken down and becomes part of bile. very low-density lipoproteins high-density lipoproteins chylomicrons low-density lipoproteins	back 47 high-density lipoproteins
front 48 The official medical measurement of obesity is the __________. proportion of bone density to weight body mass index basal metabolic rate proportion of LDLs to body weight	back 48 body mass index

front 49 __________ acts to suppress appetite by inhibiting __________, which is the most powerful known appetite stimulant. Growth hormone; lipase Leptin; neuropeptide Y Serotonin; adrenaline Insulin; glucagon	back 49 Leptin; neuropeptide Y
front 50 Which of the following statements about “redox” reactions in human metabolism is correct? Coenzymes accept hydrogen. The substance being reduced loses an electron. Oxidized substances gain energy. Oxidized substances lose oxygen.	back 50 Coenzymes accept hydrogen.
front 51 Which of the following is a micronutrient? protein carbohydrate mineral lipid	back 51 mineral
front 52 glucose	back 52 exclusive energy source for neurons

front 53 cholesterol	back 53 serves as a precursor to hormones and maintains the fluidity of the plasma membrane
front 54 protein	back 54 used to build enzymes
front 55 vitamins	back 55 can function as coenzymes
front 56 minerals	back 56 may be incorporated into structures to make them stronger

front 57 A person who is starving is likely to exhibit __________. negative nitrogen balance positive nitrogen balance neutral nitrogen balance nitrogen balance	back 57 negative nitrogen balance
front 58 Fat-soluble vitamins can be toxic if consumed in large quantities. True False	back 58 True
front 59 Which of the following is an example of catabolism? absorbing nutrients into the blood from the intestines using amino acids to make a protein cellular respiration lipid synthesis	back 59 cellular respiration
front 60 A substance that is reduced has lost an electron. True False	back 60 False

front 61 Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of glycolysis? Glycolysis requires oxygen. Glycolysis produces a net gain of 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of a cell. The final products of glycolysis include two molecules of pyruvic acid.	back 61 Glycolysis requires oxygen.
front 62 Which of the following is a characteristic of the citric acid (Krebs) cycle? The citric acid cycle is an anaerobic pathway. The citric acid cycle occurs in the cytosol of the cell. Pyruvic acid directly enters the citric acid cycle. The citric acid cycle generates a rich supply of the reduced coenzymes, NADH and FADH2.	back 62 The citric acid cycle generates a rich supply of the reduced coenzymes, NADH and FADH₂.
front 63 The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is __________. NADH oxygen water CO2	back 63 oxygen
front 64 glycogenesis	back 64 the formation of glycogen to store glucose

front 65 glycogenolysis	back 65 the cleavage of glycogen to release glucose
front 66 gluconeogenesis	back 66 the process of forming glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules
front 67 beta oxidation	back 67 the initial phase of fatty acid breakdown
front 68 lipogenesis	back 68 triglyceride synthesis

front 69 As proteins are broken down for energy, __________ is generated; the liver then converts this potentially toxic intermediate into __________. urea; water ammonia; glucose ammonia; urea acid; ammonia	back 69 ammonia; urea
front 70 In the absorptive state, __________. insulin serves as the main regulatory hormone fats are the main energy fuel catabolism exceeds anabolism glycogen is broken down to release glucose	back 70 insulin serves as the main regulatory hormone
front 71 In the postabsorptive state, __________. anabolism exceeds catabolism insulin serves as the main regulatory hormone glucose is the main energy source glycogen is broken down to release glucose	back 71 glycogen is broken down to release glucose
front 72 __________ are considered "good" cholesterol; high blood levels of this cholesterol are thought to be beneficial. HDLs LDLs VLDLs Chylomicrons	back 72 HDLs

front 73 Which of the following is considered a long-term regulator of feeding behavior? blood concentrations of amino acids and fatty acids cholecystokinin (CCK) levels stimulation of stretch receptors leptin levels	back 73 leptin levels
front 74 The body's overall rate of energy output is called the basal metabolic rate. True False	back 74 False
front 75 Which of the following would raise body temperature? evaporation dilation of cutaneous blood vessels thyroxine sweating	back 75 thyroxine