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Biology Final 2016

front 1

A thermosensory neuron in the skin converts heat energy to nerve impulses via a conversion called _____.

back 1

sensory transduction

front 2

Sensory adaptation is apparent when _____.

back 2

a person is no longer aware of a heavy necklace that was put on earlier in the day

front 3

Sensory transduction in the auditory system is much like transduction of _____.

back 3

mechanosensory stimuli

front 4

The energy for sensory transduction by the lateral line system in fish comes from _____.

back 4

water movements

front 5

The visual information used by honeybees includes these elements that are not apparent to humans.

back 5

the ability to distinguish ultraviolet radiation and 300 flashes of light per second

front 6

When light first enters the human eye, the first structure that it must pass through is the _____.

back 6

cornea

front 7

Rods and cones are similar in that they both _____.

back 7

release glutamate as the primary neurotransmitter

front 8

The sense described as umami is one of _____.

back 8

savory and delicious sensation on the tongue

front 9

Myosin heads have binding sites for _____.

back 9

ATP and actin

front 10

Among these choices, the most energy-efficient form of animal movement, per kg of body mass, is _____.

back 10

swimming by large fish

front 11

The perceived pitch of a sound depends on

back 11

which region of the basilar membrane was set in motion.

front 12

The cochlea is an organ of auditory transduction that contains

back 12

fluid and cells that can undergo mechanosensory transduction.

front 13

The lateral line system in fish transduces sensory information in a manner that, among these choices, is most similar to

back 13

human vestibular sense.

front 14

Hair cells are found in structures represented by numbers

back 14

5 and 7

front 15

Rods exposed to light will

back 15

hyperpolarize due to the closing of sodium channels.

front 16

An injury to the occipital lobe will likely impair function of the

back 16

primary visual cortex.

front 17

The olfactory bulb is located

back 17

in the brain.

front 18

The calcium ions released into the cytosol during excitation of skeletal muscle bind to

back 18

troponin.

front 19

A skeletal muscle with abnormally low levels of calcium ions would be impaired in

back 19

initiating contraction.

front 20

The fundamental excitable cell in the nervous system is the _____.

back 20

neuron

front 21

The central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the human brain contain a filtrate of the blood, called _____.

back 21

cerebrospinal fluid

front 22

The knee-jerk reflex has sensory neurons arising in the _____, interneurons in the _____, and efferent neurons that stimulate contraction in the _____.

back 22

quadriceps muscle ... spinal cord ... quadriceps muscle

front 23

As vertebrates evolved, the increasingly complex structure of the brain conferred increasingly complex function, especially apparent in the _____.

back 23

cerebral cortex, which is greatly expanded in humans, other primates, and cetaceans

front 24

Dolphins can be awake and asleep at the same time because _____.

back 24

one side of the brain can sleep while the other side maintains swimming and breathing behaviors

front 25

Emotion, motivation, olfaction, behavior, and memory, in humans, are mediated by the _____.

back 25

limbic system

front 26

Motor cortex and somatosensory cortex are _____.

back 26

organized in similar manner adjacent to each other, and are anatomically similar from one person to the next

front 27

In adult humans, short-term memory relies on connections in the _____ whereas long-term memories appear to be based in the _____.

back 27

hippocampus ... cerebral cortex

front 28

Addiction onset by cocaine and amphetamines is characterized by increased _____.

back 28

persistence of dopamine in the brain's synapses

front 29

Parkinsonism is characterized by the loss of _____.

back 29

dopaminergic neurons

front 30

Myelinated neurons are especially abundant in the

back 30

white matter in the brain and the white matter in the spinal cord.

front 31

Although an exact count is not available, it is likely that the human brain has as many as

back 31

100 billion neurons.

front 32

Calculation, contemplation, and cognition are human activities associated with increased activity in the

back 32

cerebrum.

front 33

In the figure, which letter points to the amygdala?

back 33

D

front 34

Of these choices, neuronal communication between the brain and the muscles of the leg is best conceptualized as _____.

back 34

electrical and chemical signaling

front 35

The "information receiving" section of a neuron is its _____.

back 35

dendrites

front 36

Choose the set that includes the most charged compounds that are more abundant inside neurons, in the cytosol, than outside the neurons, in the extracellular fluid.

back 36

potassium ions and proteins

front 37

Ions move in the direction opposite to that favored by the chemical concentration gradient when _____.

back 37

they are pumped by proteins that require ATP hydrolysis and when the electrical charge gradient repulses or attracts them

front 38

In a neuron, during the depolarization phase that may trigger an action potential _____.

back 38

some voltage-gated sodium channels are open

front 39

The simultaneous arrival of graded depolarization and a graded hyperpolarization of equal but opposite magnitude at a particular location on the dendritic membrane is likely to _____.

back 39

cancel each other out, making it appear as if there was no change in membrane potential

front 40

Select the choice that describes neurons with the fastest conduction velocity for action potentials.

back 40

thick, myelinated neurons

front 41

A nerve poison that blocks acetylcholine receptors on dendrites would _____.

back 41

reduce the binding of acetylcholine to its receptors on the postsynpatic membrane

front 42

At the neuromuscular junction, the arrival of acetylcholine on the muscle most immediately causes _____.

back 42

a graded depolarization

front 43

Acetylcholine receptors on skeletal muscles are described as being "ionotropic" receptors because _____.

back 43

binding of acetylcholine to the receptor protein converts the protein to an open ion channel

front 44

Most of the neurons in the human brain are

back 44

interneurons.

front 45

An amino acid that operates at inhibitory synapses in the brain is

back 45

GABA.

front 46

The minimum graded depolarization needed to operate the voltage-gated sodium channels is indicated by the label

back 46

A

front 47

When several EPSPs arrive at the axon hillock from different dendritic locations, depolarizing the postsynaptic cell to threshold for an action potential, this is an example of

back 47

spatial summation.

front 48

Hormones are _____.

back 48

chemical signals between cells, transported in blood or hemolymph

front 49

The hormone epinephrine causes opposite effects in two populations of target cells because _____.

back 49

each set of target cells has different receptor-transduction mechanisms

front 50

Oxytocin secretion and milk release from the mammary glands of lactating female mammals are initiated by _____.

back 50

the physical sensation of the baby sucking at the nipple

front 51

In their mechanism of action, a difference between lipid-soluble and water-soluble hormones is that _____.

back 51

lipid-soluble hormones bind to an intracellular receptor and this hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA

front 52

The counter-regulatory functions of the pancreas refer to the fact that it _____.

back 52

releases one hormone that reduces glucose levels in the blood and another that increases them

front 53

This disorder typically arises prior to puberty and is generally treated by injections of the hormone missing from the affected individual's bloodstream.

back 53

Type I diabetes mellitus

front 54

The anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary differ in that _____.

back 54

many anterior pituitary hormones regulate other endocrine glands whereas posterior pituitary hormones regulate nonendocrine tissues

front 55

How does the adrenal gland respond to stress?

back 55

The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to short-term stress.

front 56

Jet lag occurs when a person moves rapidly from one time zone to another, causing conflict between the body's biological rhythm and the new cycle of light and dark. Some scientists suspect that jet lag may result from disruption of the daily cycle of secretion of the hormone known as _____.

back 56

melatonin

front 57

Which category of signal exerts its effects on target cells by binding to membrane-bound receptor proteins?

back 57

neurohormones

front 58

Different body cells can respond differently to the same peptide hormones because

back 58

a target cell's response is determined by the components of its signal transduction pathways.

front 59

The endocrine glands include the

back 59

parathyroid glands.

front 60

Testosterone is an example of

back 60

an androgen.

front 61

A cell with membrane-bound proteins that selectively bind a specific hormone is called that hormone's

back 61

target cell.

front 62

Prostaglandins are local regulators whose chemical structure is derived

back 62

fatty acids.