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Exam 2 Study guides

front 1

Microbial Metabolism:

Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions

back 1

Metabolism: the sum of the chemical reactions in an organism.

front 2

Catabolism:
C6H12O2+ O2->CO2+H2O (exothermic, exergonic)

Anabolism:
energy+CO2+H2O->C6H12O6+O2 (Endothermic, Endergonic)

back 2

Provides energy and building blocks for anabolism. (makes smaller molecules)

Uses energy and building blocks to build large molecules.

front 3

Metabolic Pathway

back 3

a Sequence of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell

determined by enzymes

encoded by genes

front 4

Collision Theory:

Activation Energy:

Reaction Rate:

back 4

When atons, ions, and molecules collide.

disrupts electonic configurations

is the frequency of collisions with enough energy to bring about a reaction
The reaction rate can be increased by enzymes or by increasing temperature or pressure.

front 5

Enzyme Components:

back 5

Biological catalysis
- specific for a chemical ration, not used up
Apoenzyme: protein
Cofactor: nonprotein component
-coenzyme: organic cofactor
Holoenzyme: apoenzyme plus cofactor

front 6

Important Coenzymes

back 6

NAD+
NADP
FAD
Coenzyme A

front 7

Enzyme Classification

back 7

Oxidoreductase: oxidation-reduction reactions
Transferase: transfer functional groups
Hydrolase: Hydrolysis
Lyase: removal of atoms without hydrolysis
Isomerase: rearrangement of atoms
Ligase: joining of molecules;use ATP

front 8

Factors Influencing Enzyme Activity

back 8

Temperature
pH
Substrate concentration
Inhibitors

* Temperature and pH denature proteins

front 9

Enzyme Inhibitors: Feedback Inhibiton

back 9

no data

front 10

Ribozymes

back 10

Cut and Splices RNA

front 11

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

back 11

Oxidation: removal of elections
Reduction: gain of electrons
Redox reaction: an oxidation reaction paired with a reduction reaction

Associated with hydrogen atoms
Biological oxidations are often dehydrogenations

front 12

The Generation of ATP

back 12

ATP is generated by the phosphorylation of ADP

front 13

Substrate -Level Phosphorylation

back 13

Energy from the transfer of a high-energy PO4-, tp ADP generates ATP

front 14

Oxidative Phosphorylation

back 14

Energy released, generat ATP in the electon transport chain.

front 15

Carbohydrate Catabolism (learned in Bio 156)

back 15

The Breakdown of carbohydrates to release energy
- Glycolysis
-Krebs cycle
- Electron transport chain

front 16

Figure 5.11

back 16

no data

front 17

A summary of Respiration

back 17

Aerobic Respiration- electron acceptor

Anaerobic Respiration: NOT O2
- yeilds less energy then aerobic respiration

front 18

Anaerobic Respiration

back 18

Electron Acceptor Products
NO3- NO2-,N2+H2O
So4- H2S+H2O
CO32- CH4+H2o

front 19

Carbohydrate Catabolism

back 19

Pathway Eukaryote Prokaryote
Glycolysis Cytoplasm Cystoplasm
Intermediate Cytoplasm Cytoplasm
Krebs cycle Mitchondrial matrix Cytoplasm
ETC Mitochondrial inner membrane
Plasma membrane

front 20

The Electron Transport Chain

back 20

electrons are passed down the chain

energy released can be used to produce ATP by chemiosmosis

front 21

Fermentation

back 21

spoilage of food

produces alcoholic beverages

large scale microbial process occurring with or without air.

-releases energy from oxidation of organic molecules
-does not require oxygen
-Does not use the Krebs cycle or ETC
- Organic molecules as the final electron acceptor

*Alcohol fermantation: produces ethanol +CO2

* Lactic acid fermantation: produces lactic acid

front 22

Chemotrophs

back 22

Use enegery from chemicals
Chemoheterotroph

front 23

Chemotrophs

back 23

Energy is used in the Calvin-Benson cycle to fix CO2

front 24

Phototrophs

back 24

Use light energy

Photoautotrophs use energy in the Calvin-Benson cycle to fix CO2

Photoheterotrophs use energy

front 25

Figure 5.27 Requirements of ATP production

back 25

no data

front 26

Figure 5.28 A nutrional classification of Orgnaisms

back 26

* ALL ORGANISMS HAVE TO HAVE ENERGY
-CHEMICAL
-LIGHT

front 27

Metabolic Diversity among Organisms

back 27

no data

front 28

Biological oxidation are also called ___ reactions.

back 28

dehydrogenations

front 29

At the completion of the Krebs cycle, the carbons from glucose are in ___ (name the molecules)

back 29

Carbon dioxide (co2)

front 30

At the completion of aerobic respiration,energy has been formed. The energy from the oxidation of glucose is sotred in ____?

back 30

ATP

front 31

_______ involves an inhibitor that fills the active site of an enzyme and competes with the normal substrate for the active site.

back 31

Competive inhibition

front 32

For every NADH that is oxidized via the electron transport chain,___ ATP are formed.

back 32

3

front 33

All of the following pairs are correctly matched Except

back 33

Oxidation: reaction where are gained

front 34

Competitive inhibition of enzyme action evolves

back 34

Competition with the substrate for binding at the active site.

front 35

During glycolysis, elctrons from the oxidation of glucose are transferred to

back 35

NAD+

front 36

Streptococcus (In italics) bacteria lack an electron transport chain. How many molecules of ATP can a Streptococcus (In italics) cell net from one molecule of glucose?

back 36

2

front 37

Unlike eukaryotes, in prokaryotes chemiosmosis

back 37

Occurs at the plasma membrane an not the mitochondria.

front 38

The chemical reactions involved in synthesizing proteins and cell wall peptidoglycan are examples of _____ reactions.

back 38

anabolic

front 39

Fopre a cell wall, which of the following compounds has the greatest amount of energy per molecule?

back 39

Acetyl CoA pyruvate

front 40

The complete oxidation of glucose typically involves which three stages?

back 40

Glycolysis,Krebs cycle, and the elctron transport chain.

front 41

Which of the following mechanisms does not generate ATP using an electron transport train?

back 41

Substrate-level phosphorylation

front 42

Which of the following are products of the light- dependent reactions, on which the light dependent reactions are dependent.

back 42

ATP and NADPH

front 43

Enzymes work most effectively at their optimal temperature and pH.

back 43

True

front 44

Feedback inhibition generally acts on the last enzyme in an anabolic pathway

back 44

False

front 45

Glycoysis produces ATP through substrate phosphorylation

back 45

True

front 46

The synthesis of sugars by using carbon atoms from Co2 gas is called carbon fixation.

back 46

True

front 47

Lipids, proteins, and sugars all may serve as substrates of glycolysis.

back 47

False

front 48

Which of the following is true of catabolism?

back 48

Catabolism reactions are exergonic; they break down complex organic molecules into simpler ones.

front 49

Which of the following statements is true about enzymes?

back 49

Each enzyme has a characteristic three- dimensional shape.

front 50

The chemical reactions involved in synthesizing proteins and cell wall peptidoglycan are examples of ____ reactions.

back 50

anabolic

front 51

Which of the following statements is accurate concerning glucose metabolism?

back 51

Pyruvic acid, the product of glycolysis, is the starting block for both Krebs cycle and fermentation.

front 52

The complete oxidation (catabolism) of glucose typically involves three stages. The greatest amount of ATP is produced in which stage?

back 52

The elctron transport chain

front 53

Which of the following molecules carry electrons during various stages of glucose catabolism?

back 53

NADH & FADH2

front 54

Which of the following four stages of glucose oxidation requires molecular oxygen?

back 54

Oxidative phosphorylation

front 55

Which o fthe following statements accurately describes the difference between aerobic & anaerobic respiration?

back 55

Aerobic respiration use oxygen as the final electron acceptor & anaerobic respiration uses either an inorganic molecule, such as nitrate ions or sulfate ions, or an organic molecule, such as an acid or alcohol.

front 56

Carbon fixation occurs during______.

back 56

Photosynthesis

front 57

Fermentation differs from anaerobic respiration in all of the following ways EXCEPT that fermentation does NOT ___.

back 57

use an electron transport chain.

front 58

When fermentation test are used to help identify bacteria, which of the following end-products is typically detected bya color or change?

back 58

Acid

front 59

Which of the following are products of light -dependaent ( in italics) photosynthetic reactions & are necessary for the light- independent (in italics) photosynthetic reactions occur?

back 59

ATP& NADH

front 60

During the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis, organisms ____.

back 60

Synthesize sugars

front 61

Nitrobacter (italics) bacteria use carbon dioxide for their source and Nitrate ions as an energy source. This organism is a ____.

back 61

Chemoautotroph

front 62

Which group of organisms has members representing each of the following nutrional classification: chemoheterotrophs, chemoautogrophs, photoheterotrophs,&photoautotrophs?

back 62

Bacteria

front 63

Which of the following molecules traps energy released during oxidation reduction reactions?

back 63

ATP

front 64

Some amino acids are synthesized by adding an amine group to pyruvic acid or to one of the Krebs cycle intermediates. This process is known as ____.

back 64

Amination

front 65

You inocculate a bacterial culture into a tube containing glucose & peptides. The pH indicator shows that the pH decreased after 24 hours & then increased at 48 hours. Ehat has caused the increase in pH?

back 65

Deamination

front 66

Which of the following terms refers to pathways that can function both in anabolism & catabolism?

back 66

Amphilbolic pathways

front 67

Like glucose, amono acids are catabolized for energy, but these must be converted to a form where they can enter the Krebs cycle for oxidation. All of the following reactions occur in the catabolism or amino acids EXCEPT____.

back 67

carbon fixation

front 68

Microbial Growth

back 68

Increase in number of cells, not cell size

front 69

The Requirements for Growth

back 69

*Physical Requirements
- Temperature
-pH
-Osmotic pressure
*Chemical Requirements
-Carbon
- Nitrogen, Sulfure, and Phosphorous
- Trace elements
-Oxygen
-Organic Growth factor

front 70

Physical Requirements

back 70

* Temperature
-Minimum
-Optimum
-Maximum

front 71

Figure 6.1 Typical Growth rates of different types of microorganisms

back 71

no data

front 72

Psychrotrophs

back 72

Grow between 0 degrees Celcius and 20-30 degrees C
-cause food spoilage

front 73

pH

back 73

Most bacteria pH 6.5 and 7.5
Molds and yeasts pH 5 and 6
Acidophils grows in acidic environments

front 74

Osmotic Pressure

back 74

Hypertonic environments, increase in salt or surgar, plasmolysis

Extreme or obligate halophiles require osmotic pressure ( or they die)

Facultative halophiles tolerate

front 75

Chemical Requirements
* Carbon

back 75

-structural organic (has to have carbon in it) molecules, energy source
-Chemoheterotrophs use organic carbon sources
- Autotrophs use CO2

front 76

* Nitrogen

back 76

-In amino acids and proteins
-decompose proteins
-use NH4+or No3-
- few use N2 in nitrogen fixation

front 77

*Sulfur

* Phosphorus

back 77

In amino acids, Thiamine, and biotin
-decompose proteins
- use SO42- or H2S

* DNA, RNA, ATP, and membranes
* PO43-

front 78

Trace elements

back 78

Inorganic elements
* enzymes cofactors

front 79

Organic Growth Factors

back 79

-Organic Compounds obtained from the environment
- Vitamins, amino acids, purines and pyrimidines

front 80

Biofilms

back 80

Microbial communiites
-Form slime or hydrogels
- attracted by chemicals quorum sensing

front 81

Advantages of Biofilms

back 81

share nutrients
sheltered

front 82

Biofilms

back 82

indwelling catheters
low to cause infection
after exposure, patients developed infections

front 83

Agar

back 83

*Complex polysaccharide
-soildifying agent
-plates, slants, and deeps
* not metabolized by microbes
-liquefies at 100 degrees C
- Solidifies at -40 degree C

front 84

Culture Media

back 84

Culture medium: growth
Sterile: no living microbes
Inoculum: introduction of microbes
Culture: microbes growing
Chemically defined media: exact composition is known
Complex media: extracts and digests of yeasts, meat, or plants
- nutrient broth
- nutrient agar

front 85

Anaerobic Culture Methods
* Reducing Media

back 85

Contain chemicals (thioglycolate or oxyrase) that combine O2.
Heated to drive off O2.

front 86

Capnophiles

back 86

Require high CO2 conditions
CO2 packet
Candle jar

front 87

Biosafety levels

back 87

BSL-1: No special precautions
BSL-2: lab coat,gloves,eye protection
BSL-3: biosafety cabinets to prevent airborne transmission
BSL-4: sealed, negative pressure
*Exhaust air is filtered twice

front 88

Differential Media

back 88

Distinguish colonies of different microbes

front 89

Selective Media

back 89

Suppress unwanted microbes, encourages desired microbes

front 90

Enrichment Culture

back 90

Encourages growth of desired microbes

front 91

Obtaining Pure Cultures

back 91

Contains only one species or strain
COLONY a population of cells arising from a single cell or spore or from a group of attached cells
Colomy = Colony-forming unit
Streak plate method: isolate pure cultures

front 92

Preserving Bacterial Culutres

back 92

Deep- Freezing -50C to -95C
LYophilization (freeze-drying): vacuum

front 93

Reproduction in Prokaryotes

back 93

Binary fission
Budding
Conidiospores (actinomycetes)
Fragmentation of filaments

front 94

Understanding the Bacterial Growth Curve

back 94

1.Lag Phase: Intense activity preparing for population growth but no increasein population

2. Log phase:logarithmic or exponential increase in population

3. Stationary phase: Period of equilibrium; microbrial deaths balance production or new cells.

4. Death phase: Population is decreasing at a logarithmic rate

front 95

measuring Microbial Growth

back 95

Direct Methods
* Plate counts
* Filtration
* MPN
* Direct microscopic count

Indirect Methods
* Turbidity
* Metabolic activity
* Dry weight

front 96

Terminology of Microbial Control

back 96

Sepsis: contamination
Asepsis: absence of significant contamination
* Aseptic surgery- prevent microbial contamination of wounds.

front 97

Cont. Terminology of Microbial Control

back 97

Sterilization: removing all microbial life
Commerical sterilization: killing C. botulinum endospores
Disinfection: removing pathogens
Antisepsis: removing pathogens from living tissue

front 98

Cont. Terminology of Microbial Control

back 98

Degerming: removing micobes from a limited area
Sanitization: lowering microbial counts (eating utensils)
Biocide/germicide: killing microbes
Bacteriostasis: inhibiting not killing microbes

front 99

Effectiveness of treatment

back 99

Depends on:
-number of microbes
-environment
-Time of exposure
-Microbial characteristics

front 100

Actions of Microbial Control Agents

back 100

Alteration of membrane permeability
Damamge to proteins
Damamge to nucleic acids

front 101

Heat

back 101

Thermal death point (TDP): lowest temperature, all cells in a culture are killed in 10 min

Thermal death time (TDT): time during all cells in a culture are killed

front 102

Decimal Reduction Time (DRT)

back 102

Minutes to kill 90% of a population

front 103

Moist Heat Sterilization

back 103

denatures proteins
Autoclaves steam under pressure

front 104

Pasteuization

back 104

Reduces spoilage
Equivalent treatments
- 63 C for 30 min
- High-temperature short-time: 72 C for 15 min
- Ultra-high-temperature: 140 C for <1 sec
- Thermoduric organisms survive

front 105

Dry Heat Sterilization

back 105

* Kills by oxidation
- Dry heat
- flaming
- incineration
- Hot-air sterilization

front 106

Filtration

back 106

Hepa remmoves microbes
Mebrane filtration removes microbes

front 107

Physical Methods of Microbial Control

back 107

Low temperature : Inhibits growth
-Refrigeration
- Deep-Freezing
- Lyophilization
High Pressure: denautres proteins
Desiccation: prevent metabolism
Osmotic pressure: causes plasmolysis

front 108

Radiation

back 108

Ionizing radiation: x-rays, gamma rays, electrom beams

Nonionizing radiation: UV, 260nm

Microwaves: kill by heat, not especially antimicrobial

front 109

Principle of Effective Disinfection

back 109

Concentration of disinfectant
Organic matter
pH
time

front 110

Use-Dilution Test

back 110

Metal rigs dipped in test bacteria are dried

placed in disinfectant for 10 min at 20 C

transferred to culture media to determine bacteria survued treatment