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Biology Lab Mid Term Review

front 1

WEEK 1: INTRODUCTION, SOLUTIONS PH

back 1

no data

front 2

WEEK 1:

Null Hypothesis

back 2

The hypothesis being tested. It says there is no difference between the treatment and control groups.

front 3

Hypothesis

back 3

Tentative explanation for some phenomenon that can be testable.

front 4

Mean

back 4

arithmetic average

front 5

Scientific method

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process of research/learning; the process of establishing new facts and understanding mechanisms.

front 6

Standard Error

back 6

Describe how much variation is associated with the mean. It is the standard deviation divided by the square root of n.

front 7

Standard Deviation

back 7

Square root of variance. Most commonly used method of experimental variation.

front 8

Student's T Table

back 8

Provides tabular values that enable you to determine if there is a significant difference due to treatment. The table provides significant values based on sample size.

front 9

Statistical Analysis

back 9

Performed on experimental data to ascertain how much variation is due to random fluctuation, and how much is due to an actual difference between treatment and control groups. The purpose of your statistical analysis is to give you a basis to either support your null hypothesis or your alternative hypothesis. If your null hypothesis is correct, your treatment group was not different from your control group. Your data will show there is no difference between the two groups. If your alternative hypothesis is correct the variable had an effect on the outcome of the experiment.

front 10

Buffer

back 10

A solution (usually a weak acid or a weak base) that can serve as a proton acceptor or proton donor, and through those activities, maintains the pH of a solution under a variety of conditions.

front 11

Varience

back 11

Measure of distribution

front 12

Acid

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An acid is a proton donor. Any substance with a hydrogen ion concentration of greater than 10^-7

front 13

Alternative Hypothesis

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If the null hypothesis is rejected, the alternative is proposed. There is a difference between the treatment and control groups that can be attributed to the variable being tested.

front 14

Experimental Error

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The deviation of individual data points from the experimental mean or from an established norm.

front 15

Student's T Table

back 15

A type of statistical analysis used to compare two sample means

front 16

Solvent

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A substance in which other substances are dissolved. Water is a well-known solvent. Ionic and polar covalently bonded molecules are soluble in water. Water is the solvent inside cells, and in the circulatory system.

front 17

Molarity

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Molar concentration (molarity) is the moles of solute dissolved in one liter of solvent.

front 18

Control

back 18

Experimental group that serves as the standard of comparison. If you were testing the effect of a medication that was given in pill form, the control group would receive a placebo.

front 19

Theory

back 19

Supported by evidence, provides a stronger explanation than a hypothesis.

front 20

Solution

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Solutes are dissolved in solvents, creating a solution

front 21

Normal Distribution

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A data plot of measurements of a given parameter among a population typically follows a normal distribution, or bell-shaped curve. The mean would be in the center of the curve, with a symmetrical distribution above and below the mean.

front 22

Variable

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Substance being tested. The only difference between the control and treatment group is the variable.

front 23

Law

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Explanation that is virtually irrefutable. (Biogenetic Law that states all cells arise from other cells)

front 24

Week 1: The lower the pH the the hydrogen ion concentration

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higher

front 25

Percent concentration

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Percent of solute with respect to solvent

front 26

Significant difference

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The mean of the treatment group is statistically different from that of the control group.

front 27

P value

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The probability that there is no difference between control and treatment groups

front 28

Life and water

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water is essential to support life. Scientists looking for extraterrestrial life are looking for planets/moons that have some evidence of the presence of water on their surfaces. Water covers about 70% of Earth. Life originated in water.

front 29

Base

back 29

Associated with a low hydrogen ion concentration. pH greater than 7. Hydrogen ion concentration less than 10^-7. A base is considered to be a proton acceptor.

front 30

Solute

back 30

substance that is dissolved in a solvent

front 31

pH

back 31

A measure of hydrogen ion concentration. pH is the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration.

front 32

Concentration

back 32

The concentration of a solution refers to the amount of solute per unit volume of that solution.

front 33

Placebo

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insert substance which can be used for control group

front 34

repetition

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repeated observations are necessary to determine if there is a real difference between treatment and control groups. You must have replicates to complete statistical analysis.

front 35

A pH of 2 has a hydrogen ion concentration

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high

front 36

How does litmus paper work?

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If it turns blue its a base, if it turns red its an acid

front 37

What's a buffer and what does it do?

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A solution (usually a weak acid or a weak base)

front 38

Which substances tested to be acids? Which was the strongest acid? Weakest Acid?

back 38

Tomato Juice, Cola, Lime Juice, Vinegar, Salicylic Acid, Milk, distilled water

-Strongest Acid: lime juice, vinegar

-Weakest Acid: distilled water and milk

front 39

Which substances tested to be bases? Which was the strongest base? Weakest base?

back 39

Ammonia, Baking Soda

- Strongest Base: Ammonia

- Weakest Base: Baking Soda

front 40

Which substances tested to be neutral?

back 40

NaCl, Urea

front 41

WEEK 2: MACROMOLECULES

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no data

front 42

Week 2: What are the four macromolecules?

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Carbohydrates

Lipids

Nucleic Acids

Proteins

front 43

What is the function of carbohydrates?

back 43

They serve as a primary energy source for most organisms. They are also important in cell-cell recognition in animals.

front 44

What is the most abundant carbohydrate in nature?

back 44

Cellulose (major constituent of cell walls)

front 45

What are some functions of proteins?

back 45

Enzymes, Immune Function, Transport, Support, Movement, Regulation, Storage

front 46

What is the monomeric subunit of protein?

back 46

Amino Acid

front 47

How many amino acids are found in proteins?

back 47

20

front 48

What is largely responsible for the integrity of cell membranes?

back 48

Phospholipids

front 49

Function of lipids?

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they act as lipids hormones, and as bile to aid in lipid digestion

front 50

what is the classification of lipids based on?

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Their solubility; whether they are hydrophobic or hydrophilic

front 51

What solution tests for reducing sugars?

back 51

Benedict's Test/ Solution

front 52

What test and solution are used to test for starches?

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- Polysaccharide Test

- Iodine Solution

front 53

What test is used to identify proteins?

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- Biuret Test

front 54

What solution is used to test for lipids?

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Sudan IV

front 55

What color would a solution turn if it tested positive for the Benedict's test? (reducing sugar)

back 55

RED

front 56

What color would a solution turn if it tested positive for the Polysaccharide test? (starches/iodine solution)

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BLACK

front 57

What color would a solution turn if it tested positive for proteins with a Biuret test?

back 57

PURPLE

front 58

What color would a solution turn if it tested positive for Lipids with a Sudan IV

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RED

front 59

What equipment was used during the week 2 lab?

back 59

- mechanical pipet

- test tubes

- hot bath

front 60

Which solution tested positive in the Benedict's test that tests for reducing sugars?

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POSITIVE: glucose, fructose, lactose, galactose, milk

NEGATIVE: sucrose, rice, water

front 61

Which solutions tested positive in the polysaccharide test that identifies starches?

back 61

POSITIVE: potato extract, corn starch, rice, wheat flower

NEGATIVE: sucrose, glucose, water

front 62

Which solutions tested positive in the Biruet test that identifies protein?

back 62

POSITIVE: milk, casein, albumin, whey

NEGATIVE: urea, glucose, water

front 63

Which solutions test positive for the lipid test (sudan IV)?

back 63

POSITIVE: vegetable oil, whole milk

NEGATIVE: alcohol, glucose, water

front 64

True or False. Albumin can be classified as a protein.

back 64

True

front 65

What protein makes up the white of a chicken egg?

back 65

Albumin

front 66

True or False. Corn tested positive for starch/polysaccharides.

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True

front 67

True or False. Fructose is a Reducing Sugar.

back 67

True

front 68

True or False. Galactose is a reducing sugar.

back 68

True

front 69

True or False. Glucose can be classified as a protein.

back 69

False

front 70

Lactose is a reducing sugar.

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True

front 71

Milk contains reducing sugars.

back 71

True

front 72

Potato tested positive for starch/polysaccharide test

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True

front 73

Rice tested positive for reducing sugars

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False

front 74

Rice tested positive for starch/polysaccharides

back 74

True

front 75

Sucrose is a reducing sugar

back 75

False

front 76

Sucrose tested positive for starch/polysaccharides

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False

front 77

Urea is a protein

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false

front 78

Wheat tested positive for starch/polysaccharide

back 78

True

front 79

Whey can be classified as a protein

back 79

true

front 80

What is the major protein found in dairy products

back 80

casein

front 81

What is the most common inorganic molecule found in the human body?

back 81

Water

front 82

Which bonds form the primary structure of the protein?

back 82

Peptide Bonds

front 83

When you added NaOH to your substrate during the Biuret test you

?

back 83

Increased pH

front 84

What feature of phospholipids makes them amphiphatic?

back 84

- one end is hydrophilic and one end is hydrophobic

front 85

WEEK 3: CELLS, MICROSCOPES, ORGANISMS

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no data

front 86

Week 3: What are the full names of the species viewed under the microscope

back 86

- Paramecium Caudatum

- Amoeba Proteus

- Euglena

- Bacteria

- Onion Cell

-Cheek Swab

front 87

What are the different parts of Paramecium Caudatum?

back 87

- Contractile Vacuole, food vacuole, cilia, micronucleus, macronucleus, oral groove, anal pore, cytoplasm

front 88

How does Paramecium move?

back 88

Using Cilia

front 89

How do Paramecium obtain energy?

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- Paramecium are heterotrophs and obtain energy through their oral groove. Bacteria are their prey.

front 90

What are the different parts of Amoeba Proteus?

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- contractile vacuole, cell membrane, cytoplasm, pseudopods, nucleus and food vacuole

front 91

How do Amoeba move?

back 91

- Pseudopods (false feet)

front 92

How do Amoeba obtain energy?

back 92

Food Vacuole?

front 93

What is the name of the condition that can cause permanent visual impairment and/or blindness and that is common in people who are not hygienic with their contact lenses?

back 93

Acanthameoba Keratitis

front 94

What causes amoebic meningoencephalitis?

back 94

Naegleri Fowleri

front 95

What causes amebiasis which leads to diarrhea?

back 95

Entamoeba Histolytica

front 96

What are the different parts of Euglena?

back 96

cytoplasm, nucleus, photoreceptor, stigma, contractile vacuole, membrane, nucleolus, flagellum, chloroplast

front 97

How do Euglena move?

back 97

flagella

front 98

How do Euglena obtain energy?

back 98

All euglena have chloroplasts and can make their own food by photosynthesis.

front 99

What dye did you use during this lab?

back 99

Methylene Blue

front 100

What are the different parts of the microscope?

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- fine adjustment knob, course adjustment knob, stage, objective lens: scanning lens, low power objective, high power objective, oil emulsion, Ocular lens, tungsten lamp aka light source

front 101

How do you calculate magnification and total magnification?

back 101

- Total magnification is the ocular lens (10x) multiplied by the objective lens (4, 10, 45, or 100x)

- Magnification is just of the objective lens

front 102

As the degree of magnification increases what happens to the barrel length of the objective lens? To the aperture that allows light in?

back 102

- increases

- decreases

front 103

What should you never use when you switch from low power to the high power lens

back 103

The coarse adjustment knob

front 104

WEEK 4: TRANSPORT

back 104

WEEK 4: Transport

front 105

WEEK 4: What Materials did we use in this lab?

back 105

- petri dish

- agar plate

- cork borer

-dialysis tubing (tape thing)

front 106

What is the effect of molecular weight on the rate of diffusion?

back 106

They are inversely proportional. The higher the molecular weight the slower the rate of diffusion.

front 107

What is the effect of temperature on the rate of diffusion?

back 107

The higher the temperature the faster the rate of diffusion. We tested 23, 40, and 55, degrees celsius. 55 degrees diffused the fastest.

front 108

What 3 anions did we test? What are their molecular weights?

back 108

- ferricyanide: 212 (slowest)

- bromide: 80 (yeah)

- chloride: 35 (fastest)

front 109

How do you calculate molecular weight?

back 109

- first go to your periodic table and find the mass of each element (big number with decimals)

- Second multiply each element depending on the subscripts or number of that specific element

- Third add all the elements together

front 110

What substances are soluble in the lipid bilayer?

back 110

- Oxygen

- Carbon Dioxide

- Water

front 111

What are the 3 passive transport processes?

back 111

- simple diffusion

- osmosis

- facilitated diffusion

front 112

What are the 3 active transport processes?

back 112

-transport pumps

- exocytosis

- endocytosis

front 113

What is the molecular weight cut off of dialysis tubing?

back 113

10,000 daltons

front 114

WEEK 5: ENZYMES EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION

back 114

no data

front 115

What enzyme was used during this lab?

back 115

Peroxidase

front 116

What is the function of Peroxidase in this lab?

back 116

- catalyzes (speeds up) a chemical reaction

- causes the reaction to occur

front 117

What substrates were used during this lab?

back 117

- Guaiacol

- Peroxide (H2O2)

front 118

What is the function of Guaiacol and Peroxide in this lab?

back 118

They bind to the active site of the enzyme and then are altered by the enzyme

front 119

How does enzyme concentration affect reaction rate?

back 119

If substrate concentration is not limiting, then adding more enzyme should increase reaction rate.

front 120

How does substrate concentration affect reaction rate?

back 120

Adding substrate will often increase rate of a chemical reaction as long as there are enzyme molecules available to accommodate the additional substrate. When the enzyme molecules are all taken up, the solution is saturated. After it is saturated, adding more substrate will not increase the rate of reaction.

front 121

What instruments/materials were used in lab?

back 121

- Spectrophotometer

- Micro-pipette

- Micro-pipette tip

- cuvette

front 122

What does the micro pipette measure in and how much does it contain?

back 122

microliters; 100 microliters

front 123

0.1 milliliters is how many microliters

back 123

100 microliters

front 124

What happened to the color when more enzyme was added?

back 124

It got darker brown each time

front 125

What happened to the color when more substrate was added?

back 125

It stayed the same and the numbers rose but only to a certain extent

front 126

How were we able to measure reaction rate and how to do we calculate it?

back 126

- Reaction rate is the slope of the line you are plotting

- By quantifying the oxidized guaiacol spectrophotometrically, the product formation, or rate of reaction is calculated.

front 127

What is saturation?

back 127

Saturation means that all of the enzyme active sites are occupied by substrate

front 128

What is the difference between guaiacol in its reduced from and in its oxidized form?

back 128

- Reduced: gain electrons, colorless

- Oxidized: lost electrons, brown

front 129

What test is used to detect blood in the stool?

back 129

The Guaiac Test

front 130

What is the Beer-Lambert Law

back 130

- states that the concentration of a light absorbing solute is directly proportional to its absorbance

front 131

WEEK 5: In an exergonic reaction:

back 131

The energy level of the reactants is higher than the energy level of the products

front 132

What is the mechanism by which an enzyme functions to increase reaction rate?

back 132

An enzyme decreases activation energy required to initiate a reaction

front 133

The location on an enzyme that binds substrate is known as the:

back 133

Active Site

front 134

A spectrophotometer measures?

back 134

Absorbance

front 135

What indicator molecule is used to track the reaction rate of peroxidase

back 135

Gualacol

front 136

The reactant that is recognized by a specific enzyme is its:

back 136

substrate

front 137

In which animal cells would you expect to find peroxidase-containing peroxisomes?

back 137

Erythrocytes

front 138

In tracking product formation of peroxidase, the guanacos is:

back 138

Oxidized

front 139

When you graph absorbance in an attempt to measure your reaction rate, which variable going on the x-axis (horizontal axis)?

back 139

Time

front 140

Which parameter on your graph is directly proportional to the reaction rate of the enzyme?

back 140

Slope

front 141

The experimental setup for your lab involved the extraction of an enzyme from turnip, and observing its reaction rate under a variety of conditions. What is the enzyme?

back 141

Peroxidase

front 142

What does the slope of the line you are plotting give you?

back 142

Reaction rate

front 143

What is the point of this lab and of next weeks?

back 143

To see how reaction rate changes

front 144

What are the substrates

back 144

Guaiacol + H202

front 145

Would reaction occur without an enzyme?

back 145

NO

front 146

What color does Guaiacol become when it reacts?

back 146

Brown

front 147

What equipment did we use in lab?

back 147

- Spectrophotometer

- micro pipette

- micro pipette tip

- cuvette

front 148

What does the micro pipette measure in?

back 148

- Microliters (100 microliters in 0.1 milliliters)

front 149

How many nm should the spectrophotometer be at?

back 149

470nm

front 150

What happened to the enzyme as the concentration got higher?

back 150

It got darker and the reaction rate got higher

front 151

What happened to the substrate as the concentration got higher?

back 151

The color stayed the same and the numbers rose to a certain extent and then stayed constant

front 152

Names of enzymes typically end with

back 152

-ase

front 153

What happens to an enzyme when it denatures?

back 153

Loss of 3D shape of the molecule

front 154

How does an enzyme catalyze a reaction?

back 154

by decreasing the energy of activation for a chemical reaction

front 155

Vitamins are essential to the survival of organisms because vitamins usually function as:

back 155

Coenzymes

front 156

Substrates are held in the active site of an enzyme by

back 156

hydrogen and ionic bonds

front 157

If the substrate concentration is limiting, how does increasing enzyme concentration affect reaction rate?

back 157

Increasing enzyme concentration has no effect on reaction rate.

front 158

When guaiacol reacts with peroxide and peroxidase, it is ______________ to tetraguaiacol, resulting in the formation of a color compound that can be detected spectrophotometrically.

back 158

Oxidized

front 159

What does it mean when all of the active sites of the enzyme are occupied

back 159

It is SATURATED

front 160

What enzyme is important in fat digestion?

back 160

lipase

front 161

The organic nonprotein portion of an enzyme that is required for proper function is a(n):

back 161

coenzyme

front 162

The location of an enzyme that binds substrate is its?

back 162

Active Site

front 163

The inactive form of an enzyme is a:

back 163

Zymogen

front 164

True or False. Enzymes increase the rate of reaction.

back 164

True

front 165

WEEK 6: ENZYMES-- EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE/INHIBITORS

back 165

no data

front 166

In this lab what was the name of the inhibitor?

back 166

Hydroxylamine

front 167

How did the inhibitor, Hydroxylamine, affect the reaction?

back 167

Hydroxylamine slowed down the reaction because it blocks the iron atom that is present at the active site of peroxidase

front 168

What is the wavelength at which the spectrophotometer was used to measure absorbance?

back 168

470 nm

front 169

What is the name of the plant used in lab?

back 169

Turnip

front 170

What is the difference between a competitor and a non competitor inhibitor?

back 170

- A competitive inhibitor binds to the active site of an enzyme, and competes with the substrate for the active site.

- An allosteric inhibitor is noncompetitive because the inhibitor and substrate do NOT compete for the same binding site.

front 171

WEEK 6: An example of a competitive inhibitor is one that?

back 171

Binds to the active site of the enzyme

front 172

What is the competitive inhibitor of the enzyme peroxidase?

back 172

Hydroxylamine

front 173

What conditions can denature an enzyme?

back 173

A drop in pH

An increase in pH

An increase in temperature above optimum

front 174

As temperature increases:

back 174

Rate of random molecular motion increases

front 175

True of False. Biological reactions that take place in cells are inhibited.

back 175

True

front 176

When an enzyme denatures which bonds are destroyed?

back 176

Hydrogen bonds

front 177

When an enzyme denatures, which level(s) of protein structure are affected?

back 177

Secondary structure

Tertiary structure

Quaternary structure

front 178

From what organism was the peroxidase used in lab isolated?

back 178

Turnip

front 179

Identify the structure of hydroxylamine.

back 179

HO OH

N

H

front 180

EXTRA QUESTIONS

back 180

no data

front 181

What is the most common inorganic molecule found in the human body?

back 181

water

front 182

Triglycerides are classified as blank and are composed of blank

back 182

lipids; fatty acids and glycerol

front 183

Bioluminescence is the conversion of a chemical compound into light energy and heat. Fireflies and sea creatures use bioluminescence to "light up". The reaction below demonstrates the process of bioluminescence. What is the substrate?

back 183

Luciferin

front 184

Which molecules move across the cell membrane by simple diffusion?

back 184

- water

- oxygen

- carbon dioxide

front 185

Ideally, control and experimental groups differ in how many variables?

back 185

1