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BIOL 1406 Chapter 1 Test Review

front 1

Which of the following comprises a logical hierarchy of organization?

back 1

atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism

front 2

What is a term used for something that is an explanation backed by evidence?

back 2

Theory

front 3

What is the term used for something that is virtually irrefutable?

back 3

Law

front 4

What is the term used for a tentative explanation of some phenomena?

back 4

hypothesis

front 5

The lowest structural level at which all of life's properties occur is:

back 5

the cell

front 6

How many domains are there and what are they?

back 6

3; Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

front 7

Kingdoms are frequently grouped into a more inclusive (higher) category known as:

back 7

domains

front 8

What do a fungus, a tree, and a human have in common?

back 8

They are composed of eukaryotic cells

front 9

What are the two major cell types?

back 9

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

front 10

What is the difference between a Prokaryote and a Eukaryote?

back 10

  1. Eukaryotes are 10 times larger
  2. Eukaryotes have intracellular organelles and prokaryotes don't
  3. Eukaryotes have their DNA in paired chromosomes while Prokaryotes are singular circular chromosome

front 11

What are the two types of prokaryotes?

back 11

Archaea and Eubacteria

front 12

A dog is a member of which domain?

back 12

Eukarya

front 13

What is the order of classifications from most general to most specific?

back 13

  • Domain
  • Major Clades
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species

front 14

Two organisms that belong to the same class must also belong to the same:

back 14

Phylum

front 15

Which domain(s) include organisms that are classified as prokaryotes? Check all that apply.

back 15

Archaea, Bacteria

front 16

What is the primary reason for including a control within the design of an experiment?

back 16

To ensure that the results are due to a difference in only one variable

front 17

Which of these is a key feature of science?

back 17

Scientific hypothesis must be testable

front 18

Which scientist put forth the theory of evolution?

back 18

Charles Darwin

front 19

What is the unit of genetic inheritance for all living organisms?

back 19

DNA

front 20

What is the cell membrane of all living organisms made of?

back 20

A phospholipid bilayer

front 21

What did Dr. Marshall discover?

back 21

the cause of duodenal ulcers

front 22

What is the cause of duodenal ulcers?

back 22

A spirochete bacterium classified as Helicobacter Pylori

front 23

Why do giraffes have a long neck?

back 23

Sexual Selection Hypothesis

front 24

One difference between carbon 12 and carbon 14 is that carbon 14 has:

back 24

two more neutrons

front 25

What type of chemical bond is a result of transfer of electron(s) between two atoms, creating an anion and cation?

back 25

ionic

front 26

An ionic bond is one in which:

back 26

two oppositely charged ions are electrostatically attracted

front 27

The reactive/chemical properties of an atom depend on the number of:

back 27

electrons in the outer shell of the atom (valence electrons)

front 28

What are the three types of bonds?

back 28

- covalent, ionic, hydrogen

front 29

Which is the strongest type of bond?

back 29

Covalent; each covalent bond represents the sharing of two electrons

front 30

When observing ions, how do you differentiate between the anion and the cation

back 30

-cation is positively charged, anion is negatively charged

- the atom giving an electron away is positive (cation), the one receiving an electron is negative (anion)

front 31

What is a common example of an ion?

back 31

Salts

front 32

What are examples of non polar covalent bonds?

back 32

hydrogen and methane

front 33

what are examples of polar covalent bonds?

back 33

Water and ammonia

front 34

How many valence electrons does carbon have?

back 34

4

front 35

Each element is unique and different from other elements because of its

back 35

atomic number

front 36

What is an atomic number?

back 36

Number of protons, defines an element

front 37

What is atomic weight/mass number?

back 37

weight of an atom in daltons (number of protons and neutrons)

front 38

What is an isotope?

back 38

same atomic number, different atomic weights

front 39

A covalent bond is one in which

back 39

electrons are shared by two different atoms

front 40

If two atoms are equally electronegative, they will interact to form

back 40

nonpolar covalent bonds

front 41

A hydrogen bond is characteristic of:

back 41

hydrophilic molecules

front 42

Which of the following subatomic particles dictates the types of associations an atom can make?

back 42

Electrons

front 43

How many electrons does hydrogen need to fill its outer shell?

back 43

1

front 44

Which of the following types of chemical bonds results from electrostatic attraction between two partially charged atoms from polar covalently bonded substances?

back 44

hydrogen

front 45

What is "Leo the lion goes grrr" supposed to help you remember?

back 45

- Its supposed to remind you or LEO and GER

- Lose electrons = oxidation

- Gain electrons = reduction

front 46

What is a free radical?

back 46

- atoms or molecules with unpaired electrons

- extremely reactive

front 47

What kind of molecules are soluble in water?

back 47

- polar molecules

- ionic molecules

- hydrophilic molecules

front 48

What is a buffer?

back 48

  • A buffer minimizes changes in pH concentration
  • a weak acid or a weak base

front 49

What is the quantity of heat that must be absorbed by a liquid in order to be converted to a gas?

back 49

- heat of vaporization

front 50

How does the density of water change, with change in temperature?

back 50

- Water expands on cooling, forms ice and becomes less dense

front 51

What is the temperature in celsius and Fahrenheit when water has maximum density?

back 51

- celsius: 4

- Fahrenheit: 39.2

front 52

Hydrophobic substances are not soluble in water because they are dominated by

back 52

- non-ionic and non-polar bonds

front 53

Which of the following is true about hydrogen bonds?

back 53

- when hydrogen bonds break heat is absorbed, and when hydrogen bonds form heat is released.

front 54

Why does water have a high specific heat?

back 54

- due to hydrogen bonding

front 55

What happens to water when it goes from a liquid to a solid?

back 55

- it expands

front 56

Why is the transport of water possible in very tall trees and plants?

back 56

Cohesion

front 57

All life is composed of what element?

back 57

carbon based matter

front 58

What are functional groups?

back 58

molecular components that attach to the skeleton of the organic compound

front 59

What functional groups should you know for the test?

back 59

-methyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl, ketone, aldehyde, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate

front 60

Describe Methyl

back 60

-CH3

-nonpolar

front 61

Describe Hydroxyl

back 61

O-H

-Polar

-Characteristic of alcohols and sugars

front 62

Describe Carbonyl

back 62

C = O

-either ketone or aldehyde

front 63

Describe a Ketone

back 63

- a carbonyl group (C=O) that is NOT on the end of the C skeleton

- for example fructose and acetone

front 64

Describe an Aldehyde

back 64

- a carbonyl group (C=O) that is at the end of the C skeleton

- for example glucose and galactose

front 65

Describe Carboxyl

back 65

= O

C

- OH

- organic acid, proton donor, for ex acetic acid (vinegar)

front 66

Describe the Amino Group

back 66

- H

N

- H

- organic base, proton acceptor, 20 different amino acids

front 67

Describe Sulfhydryl

back 67

- SH
- Polar

front 68

Describe Phosphate

back 68

O

O- P -O

O

-ionic; can result in release or absorption of large quantities of energy

front 69

What are the three types of isomers?

back 69

  • structural
  • geometric
  • enantiomers

front 70

What are structural isomers?

back 70

  • variation in covalent arrangement

front 71

What are geometric isomers?

back 71

  • variation in arrangement about a double bond
  • cis and trans

front 72

What are Enantiomers?

back 72

  • variation in spacial arrangement around an asymmetric carbon; molecules are mirror images

front 73

What is a polymer?

back 73

  • Large molecule formed by linking several small subunits together

front 74

What is the building block of a polymer?

back 74

Monomer

front 75

What is it called when water is removed for each subunit added to the chain?

back 75

dehydration synthesis

front 76

What is it called when water is added to break a polymer into its individual subunits?

back 76

degradation/hydrolysis

front 77

What are the functional groups of carbohydrates?

back 77

OH, Carbonyl (aldehydes and ketones)

front 78

What is Lactose made out of?

back 78

glucose and galactose

front 79

What is the difference between Amylose/Amylopectin and glycogen?

back 79

glycogen is animal starch, amylose/amylopectin is plant starch

front 80

What are four structural polysaccharides?

back 80

  1. cellulose
  2. chitin
  3. pectin
  4. peptidoglycan

front 81

How are carbohydrates produced?

back 81

photosynthesis

front 82

What elements do nucleic acids contain?

back 82

- C H O N and P

front 83

What is the monomeric unit of the nucleic acid (DNA and RNA)?

back 83

nucleotides

front 84

In DNA, what pyrimidines bind to what Purines?

back 84

  • pyrimidines: T and C
  • Purines: A and G
  • C binds with G, T binds with A

front 85

In RNA what pyrimidines bind to what Purines?

back 85

  • pyrimidines: U and C
  • purines: A and G
  • C binds with G, U binds with A

front 86

What are the three processes of nucleic acids?

back 86

  1. Replication: copying of DNA
  2. Transcription: making of RNA
  3. Translation: protein synthesis

front 87

What functional group is involved with Amino Acids?

back 87

- carboxyl

front 88

What are the four levels of protein structure?

back 88

  • primary
  • secondary
  • tertiary
  • Quaternary

front 89

Briefly describe each of the four structural levels

back 89

- Primary: the sequence of amino acids

- Secondary: formation of a helices and b pleated sheets

- tertiary: overall 3D shape of polypeptide

- Quaternary: shaped produced by combinations of polypeptides

front 90

What are each of the four structural levels stabilized by?

back 90

- Primary: peptide bonds

- Secondary: hydrogen bonding

-Tertiary: Bonds between R groups

- quaternary: bonds between R groups

front 91

What are some functions of proteins?

back 91

- chemical messengers, transport, hormones, enzymes, blood clotting, structure and movement, defense/immunity

front 92

What is denaturation?

back 92

- loss of 3D structure of a protein

- results in a loss of function