front 1 Advocated catastrophism, speculating that each boundary between strata represents a catastrophe | back 1 Cuvier |
front 2 The theory that changes in the earth's crust during geological history have resulted chiefly from sudden violent and unusual events | back 2 Catastrophism |
front 3 Lyell's principle that states that the mechanisms of change are constant over time | back 3 Uniformitarianism |
front 4 Proposed by Hutton and Lyell, this theory states that changes in Earth’s surface can result from slow continuous actions still operating today | back 4 Gradualism |
front 5 The geographic distribution of species | back 5 Biogeography |
front 6 Perceived age of Earth before Darwin and Lyell | back 6 Few thousand years old |
front 7 Descent with modification by natural selection explains the adaptations of organisms and the unity and diversity of life | back 7 Mechanism of evolution |
front 8 Evolution is supported by | back 8 1. Direct observations of evolutionary change 2. Homolog 3. Fossil record 4. Biogeography |
front 9 What did Darwin learn from the writings of Malthus? | back 9 Species are capable of overpopulation, but are kept in check by mechanisms such as disease, which causes certain organisms to struggle to survive - many don't |
front 10 What are the conditions that promote natural selection on a population? | back 10 1. Overproduction of species 2. Variability of characteristics 3. Variation is inherited 4. Differences in reproduction and survival are due to variations among organisms |
front 11 Similarity resulting from common ancestry | back 11 Homology |
front 12 Anatomical resemblances that represent variations on a structural theme present in a common ancestor | back 12 Homologous structures |
front 13 What inference would you draw from an observation that two modern organisms share very few homologous structures? | back 13 Their shared common ancestor occurred long ago |
front 14 If all organisms use essentially the same genetic code what does that suggests to you about the origin of all life on earth? | back 14 All organisms share a common ancestor |
front 15 A change in allele frequencies in a population over generations | back 15 Microevolution |
front 16 Three mechanisms cause allele frequency change: | back 16 1. Natural selection 2. Genetic drift 3. Gene flow |
front 17 Occurs when the probability that two individuals in a population will mate is not the same for all possible pairs of individuals | back 17 Nonrandom mating |
front 18 Variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population, owing to the chance disappearance of particular genes as individuals die or do not reproduce | back 18 Genetic drift |
front 19 Three sources of genetic variation | back 19 1. mutations 2. gene flow 3. sex |
front 20 A change in one base in a gene | back 20 Point mutation |
front 21 A change in nucleotide sequence of DNA | back 21 Mutation |
front 22 Consists of the movement of alleles among populations; tends to reduce variation over time | back 22 Gene flow |
front 23 The proportion of a particular allele (variant of a gene) among all allele copies being considered | back 23 Allelic frequency |
front 24 Number of alleles present | back 24 Allele variation |
front 25 Five conditions for Hardy-Weinberg Theory to prove a population is non-evolving | back 25 1. No mutations 2. Random mating 3. No natural selection 4. Large population 5. No gene flow |
front 26 Why is the 2 in the term 2pq necessary in the formula for determining a population's genotype frequencies? | back 26 It represents both "Aa" and "aA" |
front 27 The broad pattern of evolution over time | back 27 Macroevolution |
front 28 Defines a species in terms of its ecological niche, the set of environmental resources that a species uses, and its role in a biological community | back 28 Ecological species concept |
front 29 The oldest and still most practical, defines a species by body shape, size, and other structural features | back 29 Morphological species concept |
front 30 Defines a species as the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor and form one branch on the tree of life | back 30 Phylogenetic species concept |
front 31 States that a species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring; they do not breed successfully with other populations | back 31 Biological species concept |
front 32 First-generation hybrids are viable and fertile. When first-generation hybrids mate with either parent species or with each other, however, the next generation is feeble or sterile | back 32 Hybrid breakdown |
front 33 Closely related species may attempt to mate but fail because they are anatomically incompatible and transfer of sperm is not possible | back 33 Mechanical isolation |
front 34 Species use unique and elaborate courtship behaviors to attract mates | back 34 Behavioral isolation |
front 35 The gametes of two species do not form a zygote because of incompatibilities preventing fertilization | back 35 Gametic isolation |
front 36 Two species that breed during different times of day, different seasons, or different years cannot mix gametes | back 36 Temporal isolation |
front 37 Two organisms that use different habitats (even in the same geographic area) are unlikely to encounter each other to even attempt mating | back 37 Habitat isolation |
front 38 Genetic incompatibility between the two species may abort the development of the hybrid at some embryonic stage or produce frail offspring | back 38 Reduced hybrid viability |
front 39 Even if the hybrid offspring are vigorous, the hybrids may be infertile, and the hybrid cannot backbreed with either parental species. This infertility may be due to problems in meiosis because of differences in chromosome number or structure | back 39 Reduced hybrid fertility |
front 40 Sympatric speciation scheme in which mutations in a population allow individuals to exploit different conditions within the same environment | back 40 Habitat differentiation |
front 41 Geographic separation of populations restricts gene flow | back 41 Allopatric speciation |
front 42 Speciation occurs in geographically overlapping populations when biological factors, such as chromosomal changes and nonrandom mating, reduce gene flow | back 42 Sympatric speciation |
front 43 The process by which one species splits into two or more species | back 43 Speciation |
front 44 Among known plant species, which have been the two most commonly occurring phenomena leading to the origin of new species? | back 44 Sympatric speciation & Polyploidy |
front 45 A mutant condition stemming from accidents during cell division that result in extra sets of chromosomes | back 45 Polyploidy |
front 46 An individual that has more than two chromosome sets, all derived from a single species | back 46 Autopolyploidy |
front 47 The difference between geographic isolation and habitat differentiation is: | back 47 the relative locations of two populations as speciation occurs |
front 48 The hypothesis that evolutionary development is marked by isolated episodes of rapid speciation between long periods of little or no change | back 48 Punctuated equilibrium |
front 49 How were conditions on the early Earth of more than 3 billion years ago different from those on today's Earth? | back 49 Only early Earth was bombarded with large space debris |
front 50 What is true of the amino acids that might have been delivered to Earth within carbonaceous chondrites? | back 50 There were more kinds of amino acids on the chondrites than are found in living organisms today |
front 51 What defining characteristics did all protobionts (protocells) have in common? | back 51 a surrounding membrane or membrane-like structure |
front 52 The first genes on Earth were probably … | back 52 RNA |
front 53 Why do we suspect the first genes on Earth were RNA? | back 53
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front 54 Which measurement(s) would help determine absolute dates by radiometric means? | back 54 The accumulation of daughter isotopes and loss of parent isotopes |
front 55 Approximately how far back in time does the fossil record extend? | back 55 3.5 billion years |
front 56 Characteristics of the fossil record of mammalian origins | back 56 It includes transitional forms with progressively specialized teeth |
front 57 What are the early consequences of the release of oxygen gas by plant and bacterial photosynthesis? | back 57 Cause iron in ocean water and terrestrial rocks to rust (oxidize) |
front 58 What is/are the strongest evidence that prokaryotes evolved before eukaryotes? | back 58 The oldest fossilized cells resemble prokaryotes |
front 59 Oldest known fossils made of rocks formed by the accumulation of sedimentary layers on bacterial mats; resemble structures formed by bacterial communities that are found today in some warm, shallow, salty bays | back 59 Fossilized stromatolites |
front 60 The oxygen revolution changed Earth's environment dramatically. Which events took advantage of the presence of free oxygen in the oceans and atmosphere? | back 60 The evolution of cellular respiration, which used oxygen to help harvest energy from organic molecules |
front 61 A shift in the function of a trait during evolution. For example, a trait can evolve because it served one particular function, but subsequently it may come to serve another | back 61 Exaptation |