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A&P chapter 1

front 1 humans and many other animals are _________	back 1 vertebrates
front 2 what are vertebrates classified by	back 2 segmented vertebral column
front 3 what is homeostasis	back 3 goal of physiological regulation and the key to survival in a changing eniornment
front 4 what is gross anatomy and what is another name for it	back 4 examines large visible structures . also called macroscopic anatomy

front 5 what is surface anatomy	back 5 a type of gross anatomy that involves the exterior features
front 6 what is regional anatomy	back 6 a type of gross anatomy that involves certain body areas
front 7 what is systemic anatomy	back 7 a type of gross anatomy that involves the organ system
front 8 what is developmental anatomy	back 8 a type of gross anatomy that involves examining someone from conception to death

front 9 what is clinical anatomy	back 9 a type of gross anatomy studying medical specialities
front 10 what is microscopic anatomy	back 10 examines cells and molecules
front 11 define cytology	back 11 the study of cells and their structure
front 12 define histology	back 12 the study of tissues and their structure

front 13 what does cell physiology study	back 13 processes within and between cells
front 14 what does organ physiology study	back 14 functions of specific organs
front 15 what does systemic physiology study	back 15 functions of an organ system
front 16 what does pathological physiology study	back 16 effects of diseases

front 17 what are the levels of organization	back 17 chemical-cellular-tissue-organ-organ system- organism
front 18 what are the major organs or the integumentary system	back 18 1. skin 2. hair 3. sweat glands 4. nails
front 19 what are the functions of the integumentary system	back 19 to protect against environmental hazards , help regulate body temp and provide sensory information
front 20 what are the major organs or the skeletal system	back 20 1. bones 2. cartilages 3. associated ligaments 4. bone marrow

front 21 what are the functions of the skeletal system	back 21 provides support and protection, stores calcium and other minerals and to form blood cells
front 22 what are the major organs of the muscular system	back 22 skeletal muscles and associated tendons
front 23 what are the functions of the muscular system	back 23 movement protection maintain body temperature
front 24 what are the major organs of the nervous system	back 24 brain spinal cord peripheral nerves sense organs

front 25 what are the functions of the nervous system	back 25 1. directs immediate response to stimuli 2. coordinates or moderates activities of other organs 3. provides and interprets sensor information about external conditions
front 26 what are the major organs of the endocrine system	back 26 pituitary gland thyroid gland pancreas adrenal glands goads endocrine tissues in other systems
front 27 what are the functions of the nervous system	back 27 1. direct long term changing in activities of other organ systems 2. adjust metabolic activities and energy used by the body 3. controls may structural and function changes development
front 28 what are the major organs of the cardiovascular system	back 28 heart blood blood vessels

front 29 what are the functions of the cardiovascular system	back 29 -distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen and carbon dioxide -distributes heat and assist in control of body temperature
front 30 what are the major organs of the lymphatic system	back 30 spleen thymus lymphatic vessels lymph nodes tonsils
front 31 what are the functions of the lymphatic system	back 31 1. defends against infection and disease 2. returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream
front 32 what are the major organs of the respiratory system	back 32 nasal cavities sinuses larynx trachea bronchi lungs alveoli

front 33 what are the functions of the respiratory system	back 33 delivers air to alveoli provides oxygen to bloodstream removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream produces sound of communication
front 34 what are the major organs of the digestive system	back 34 teeth tongue pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine liver gallbladder pancreas
front 35 what are the functions of the digestive system	back 35 processes and digest food absorbs and conserves water absorbs nutrients stores energy reserves
front 36 what are the major organs of the urinary system	back 36 kidneys ureters urinary bladder urethra

front 37 what are the functions of the urinary system	back 37 excretes waste products from the blood controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced stores urine prior to voluntary elimination regulates blood ion concentration and pH
front 38 what are the major organs of the male reproductive system	back 38 testes epididymides ductus deferentia seminal vesicles prostate gland penis scrotum
front 39 what are the functions of the male reproductive system	back 39 produces male sex cells, suspending fluids, and hormones sexual intercourse
front 40 what are the major organs of he female reproductive system	back 40 ovaries uterine tube uterus vagina labia clitoris mammary glands

front 41 what are the functions of the female reproductive system	back 41 produces female sex cells and hormones support developing embryo from conception to delivery provides milk to nourish newborn infant sexual intercourse
front 42 what is homeostasis	back 42 all body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment; systems respond to external and internal changes to function within a normal range
front 43 what are the two mechanisms of regulation	back 43 autoregulation(intrinsic) extrinsic regulation
front 44 what is autoregulation (intrinsic)	back 44 automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some environmental change

front 45 what is extrinsic regulation	back 45 response controlled by nervous and endocrine systems
front 46 what are the three parts of homeostasis and what do they do	back 46 receptor-receives the stimulus control center- processes the signal and sends instruction effector- carries out instruction
front 47 what is the role of negative feedback	back 47 negate the stimulus and bring body back to homeostasis and normal range is achieved http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/biosnippets/biosnippets_container2.swf
front 48 what is the role of positive feedback	back 48 increase change of the stimulus and body is moved away from homeostasis; normal range is lost; used to speed process

front 49 homeostasis is a state of equalbrium. what does that mean	back 49 opposing forces are in balance
front 50 what is dynamic equilibrium	back 50 continual adaptation
front 51 what is superficial anatomy	back 51 locating structures on or near the body surface
front 52 what are the three anatomical landmarks and their meanings	back 52 anatomical position: hands at side, palms forward supine : lying down, face up prone: lying down, face down

front 53 what are the anatomical regions	back 53 -body region -abdominopelvic quadrants -abdominopelvic region
front 54 what are the abdominopelvic quadrants	back 54 right upper quadrant right lower quadrant left upper quadrant left lower quadrant
front 55 what are the abdominopelvic regions	back 55 right and left hypochondriac region right and left lumbar region right and left inguinal region epigastric umbilical hypogastric(pubic)
front 56 directional terms: anterior	back 56 front surface (naval anterior to trunk surface)

front 57 directional terms: ventral	back 57 the belly side (navel ventral to trunk surface)
front 58 directional terms: posterior or dorsal	back 58 the back surface (shoulder blade posterior to rib cage)
front 59 directional terms: cranial or cephalic	back 59 the head
front 60 directional terms:superior	back 60 above; at a higher level

front 61 directional terms: caudal	back 61 the tail (hips caudal to waist)
front 62 directional terms: inferior	back 62 below; at a lower level (knees inferior to hips)
front 63 directional terms: medial	back 63 toward the body's longitudinal axis; toward the midsagittal plane ( the medial surface of the thighs may be in contact; moving medially from the arm across the chest surface brings you to the sternum
front 64 directional terms: lateral	back 64 away from the body's longitudinal axis; away from the midsagittal plane (thigh articulates with the lateral surface of the pelvis; moving laterally form the nose brings you to your cheek)

front 65 directional terms: proximal	back 65 toward an attached base ( thigh is proximal to the foot; moving proximally from the wrist brings you to the elbow)
front 66 directional terms: distal	back 66 away from an attached base ( fingers are distal to the wrist; moving distally from the elbow brings you to the wrist
front 67 directional terms: superficial	back 67 at, near or relatively close to the body surface
front 68 directional terms: deep	back 68 farther from the body surface

front 69 what is a plane	back 69 a three dimensional axis
front 70 what is a section	back 70 a slice parallel to a plane
front 71 why are planes and sections used	back 71 used to visualize internal organization and structure
front 72 terms that indicate sectional planes : transverse or horizontal	back 72 perpendicular to long axis. separates superior and inferior portions of the body . a cut in this plane is called a cross section

front 73 terms that indicate sectional planes : sagittal	back 73 parallel to long axis. separates right and left portions.
front 74 terms that indicate sectional planes :midsagittal	back 74 plane passes through the mid-line, dividing the body into right and left sides
front 75 terms that indicate sectional planes : parasagittal	back 75 cut parallel to the midsagittal plane. separates the body into right and left portions of unequal size.
front 76 frontal or coronal	back 76 separates anterior and posterior portions of the body (coronal used for portions of the skull)

front 77 what are the 2 essential functions of body cavities	back 77 1. protect organs from accidental shocks 2. permit changes in size and shape of internal organs
front 78 what is the ventral body cavity divided by and what are the 2 cavities created	back 78 the diaphragm 1. thoracic cavity 2. abdominopelvic cavity
front 79 what do serous membranes do	back 79 line body cavities and cover organs
front 80 what are the two parts of serous membrane	back 80 partial layer- lines cavities viscera layer- covers organs

front 81 what is the thoracic cavity composed of and what do they contain	back 81 right and left pleural cavities and they contain the right and left lung
front 82 what is the upper portion of the medisatium filled with	back 82 blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and thymus
front 83 what is the lower portion of the medisatium contain	back 83 pericardial cavity
front 84 what does the periocardial cavity contain	back 84 the heart

front 85 what is the peritioneal cavity	back 85 chamber within abdominopelvic cavity
front 86 what does the peritioneal cavity contain	back 86 parietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum
front 87 what does the parietal peritoneum do	back 87 line the internal body wall
front 88 what does the visceral peritoneum do	back 88 covers the organs

front 89 what is the abdominal cavity	back 89 the superior portion
front 90 what does he abdominal cavity contain	back 90 the diaphragm to top of pelvic bones digestive organs retroperitoneum space
front 91 what is the retroperitoneum and what does it contain	back 91 area posterior to peritoneum and anterior to muscular body wall. contains pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and parts of the digestive tract
front 92 what is the pelvic cavity	back 92 the inferior portion

front 93

where is the pelvic cavity and what does it contain

back 93

within pelvic bones and contains reproductive organs, rectum, and bladder