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54 notecards = 14 pages (4 cards per page)

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Anatomy & Physiology: Skin & Skeletal system

front 1

TRUE / FALSE

The skin is the largest organ of the body?

back 1

~True~

front 2

The skin consists of 2 layers:

back 2

1. Epidermis (outermost protective layer of dead keratinized epithelial cells).
2. Dermis (the underlying layer of connective tissue w/blood vessels, nerve endings & the associated skin structures.

front 3

TRUE / FALSE
The dermis rests on the subcutaneous tissue that connects the skin to the superficial muscles.

back 3

~True~

front 4

The layers of the epidermis, from the OUTER layer to the INNER layer are

back 4

Stratum corneum (most outer layer), Stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum & the (inner most)stratum germinativum (basal).
*DISREGARD THE SPINOSUM LAYER FOR NOW*

front 5

TRUE/FALSE
In stratum germinativum (inner most layer of the epidermis)is where MITOSIS occurs.

back 5

~True~

front 6

Epidermal cells contain the protein pigment called

back 6

Melanin

front 7

What is melanin's function?

back 7

Protect against radiation from the sun

front 8

Dermis

back 8

inner layer of the skin

front 9

What are the 4 things that makeup the Dermis?

back 9

Fibrous connective tissue w/blood vessels, sensory nerve endings, hair follicles & glands.

front 10

What are the 2 types of sweat glands?

back 10

Eccrine & Apocrine

front 11

Eccrine sweat glands

back 11

They are distributed all over the body (except for the lips, tip of penis and clitoris). Regulates body temperature by releasing a water secretion that evaporates from the surface of the skin.

front 12

Apocrine sweat glands

back 12

mainly in the armpits & groin area, display apocrine secretion.

front 13

TRUE/FALSE
Apocrine secretion contains bits of cytoplasm from the secreting cells; this cell debris attracts bacteria & the presence of the bacteria on the skin results in in BODY ODOR.

back 13

~True~

front 14

Sebaceous glands

back 14

release an oily secretion (sebum) through the hair follicles that lubricates the skin & prevents drying.

front 15

Oil is produced by

back 15

holocrine secretion, in which whole cells of the gland are part of the secretion. *These glands are susceptible to becoming clogged & attracting bacteria, particularly during adolescence.

front 16

The appendages of the skin include

back 16

hair & nails.

front 17

Hair and nails are composed of a strong protein called

back 17

keratin

front 18

True/False
Hair,nails & skin may show changes in disease that may be used to diagnosis of clinical conditions.

back 18

~True~
For example, skin cancer is a clinical condition that is associated w/the skin.

front 19

Skeletal System

back 19

Skeletal System

front 20

What does the body framework consist of?

back 20

Bone, cartilage & ligaments, plus the joints between the bones.

front 21

Functions of the skeletal system include

back 21

support, permission of movement, blood cell formation (hemopoiesis), protection of internal organ, detoxification (removal of poisons), provision for muscle attachment & mineral storage.

front 22

Calcium & Phosphorus are minerals stored in the

back 22

bone

front 23

TRUE / FALSE
Individual bones are classified by shape
*There are long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones & sesamoid bones, such as the patella.

back 23

~True~

front 24

Long bones

back 24

Long bones: relatively long, slender; found in the arms, legs, thighs, palms, soles, fingers and toes. Has an irregular epiphysis @ each end, composed of mainly spongy (cancellous) bone & a shaft or diaphysis composed mainly of compact bone.

front 25

Short bones

back 25

Short bones: somewhat cube-shaped; of nearly equal length and width.
Carpals (bones of the wrist), tarsals (bones of the ankle)

front 26

Flat bones

back 26

Flat bones: thin, flat surfaces, no marrow cavity, but spongy bone sandwiched between an upper and lower layer of compact bone.

front 27

Irregular bones

back 27

Irregular bones: complex shapes; notched, or with ridges; not easily classified into any other category. Example: vertebrae; some facial bones (like the ethmoid or sphenoid); pelvic bones = ischium and pubis; calcaneus (heel bone); mandible

front 28

Sesamoid bones

back 28

Sesamoid bones: develop in tendons where there is considerable pressure, tension or friction.
largest example patella (knee cap) is best known,

front 29

The cells that form compact bone are called

back 29

Osteoblasts
*when they become fixed in the dense bone matrix, they stop dividing, but continue to maintain bone tissue as osteocytes.

front 30

The axial skeleton / appendicular skeleton

back 30

front 31

The axial skeleton consists of ___ bones of the skull.

back 31

28

front 32

The 28 skull bones are separated into the ___ facial bones and the ___ bones of the cranium.

back 32

14 & 14

front 33

The facial bones are

back 33

2 nasal bones, 2 maxillary bones, 2 zygomatic bones, 1 mandible (the only moveable bone of the skull), 2 palatine bones, 1 vomer, 2 lacrimal bones & 2 inferior nasal conchae

front 34

Bones of the cranium

back 34

SINGLE occipital, frontal, ethmoid & sphenoid & the PAIRED parietal, temporal & ossicles of the ear (malleus, incus & stapes.

front 35

Single bones of the cranium

back 35

occipital, frontal, ethmoid & sphenoid

front 36

Paired bones of the cranium

back 36

parietal, temporal & ossicles of the ear (Malleus, incus & stapes).

front 37

Ossicle of the ear are

back 37

malleus, incus & stapes

front 38

The axial skeleton has how many bones in the vertebal column?

back 38

33

front 39

Bones of the vertebra are

back 39

Cervical= 7
Thoracic= 12
Lumbar= 5
Sacral= 5 (fused to form the sacrum)
Coccygeal= 4 (fused to form the tailbone)

front 40

The final portion of the axial skeleton consists of the bones of the

back 40

thorax, sternum & the 12 pairs of ribs.

front 41

How many ribs does the human skeleton have?

back 41

12 pairs totaling 24.

front 42

The appendicular skeleton

back 42

includes the girdles & the limbs.

front 43

The upper portion (of the append. skeleton) consists of the

back 43

pectoral or shoulder girdle, the clavicle, the scapula & the upper extremity (bones of the arm).

front 44

The bones of the arm are

back 44

humerus, the radius, ulna, the carpals (wrist bones), the metacarpals (bones of the hand) & phalanges (bones of the finger).

front 45

What are phalanges?

back 45

bones of the fingers

front 46

What are metacarpals?

back 46

bones of the hand

front 47

What are carpals?

back 47

bones of the wrist

front 48

Image of the hand bones

back 48

front 49

The appendicular skeleton includes the ________ girdle or os coxae.

back 49

pelvic

front 50

Each of the os coxae consists of a

back 50

fused ilium, ischium & pubis.

front 51

Bones of the lower extremity include the

back 51

femur (thigh bone)
tibia/fibula
tarsals (ankle bones)
metarsals (bones of the foot)
phalanges (toes)

front 52

Thank you for viewing my note cards; please leave comments..I enjoy feedback. I got this information right out of the Hesi 2nd edition book I added a lot more info than the book offers. With these notes you won't need the Anatomy portion in the hesi book at ALL!! ;-)

back 52

Please add notecards of your own. We need Chemistry & Microbiology~

front 53

Labled skeleton

back 53

front 54

Visual of the entire skeleton

back 54