front 1 identify the main organs of the cardiovascular system | back 1 heart blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins) |
front 2 list the four chambers of the heart plus their separating septa | back 2 right atria and left atria-interatrial setptum/ and left and right ventricles-interventricular septum |
front 3 understand direction of blood flow in heart | back 3 blood enters the heart through two large veins, the inferior and superior vena cava, emptying oxygen-poor blood from the body into the right atrium of the heart. as the atrium contracts, blood flows from your right atrium into your right ventricle through the open tricuspid valve |
front 4 difference between pulmonary circuit and systematic circuit of blood | back 4 -Pulmonary circulation - carries blood from heart through lungs back
to heart. Allows for exchange of gases w/in lungs where CO2 is
exchanged for O2 |
front 5 describe pericardial sac and its functions | back 5 a cronical sac of fibrous tissue which surrounds the heart and the roots of the great blood vessels. also called the pericardium -it encloses the pericardial cavity which contains pericardial fluid |
front 6 what is pericardial cavity? is it air or fluid filled? | back 6 -the potential space formed between the two layers of the serous pericardium around the heart. contains fluid that acts to reduce surface tension and lubricate |
front 7 be able to ID heart on a radiograph | back 7 no data |
front 8 direction of apex of heart | back 8 downward, forward and to the left |
front 9 is base of heart posterior or anterior? | back 9 posterior |
front 10 what tubular structures are posterior to base of the heart? | back 10 right atrium |
front 11 list the three surfaces of the heart | back 11 sternocostal, pulmonary, and diaphramic |
front 12 be able to label the borders of heart on a diagram | back 12 no data |
front 13 be able to label the atria, auricles, ventricles, IVC, SVC, ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk, and pulmonary veins on a diagram | back 13 no data |
front 14 understand the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium | back 14 epicardium-inner pericardium and outer surface of the heart myocardium-muscular wall of the heart. endocardium-smooth membrane that lines the inside of the chambers of the heart and forms the surface of the valves |
front 15 which three vessels open into the right atrium? | back 15 superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus |
front 16 is there a wall between the right and left atrium? | back 16 the interatrial septum is the wall |
front 17 where is fossa ovalis? | back 17 in the right atrium |
front 18 where are the sino-atrial nodes and atrio-ventricular (AV) nodes situated? | back 18 no data |
front 19 which ventricle does blood from the right atrium flow into? | back 19 blood flows from your right atrium into your right ventricle through the open tricuspid valve |
front 20 through which valve does blood flow? | back 20 pulmonary valve |
front 21 what is the common name for this valve? | back 21 pulmonic valve |
front 22 what are trabeculae carnae? are they present in both the left and right ventricles? | back 22 rounded or irregular muscular columns which project from the inner surface of the right and left ventricles of the heart -present in both the left and right ventricles |
front 23 what is any one function of the moderator band? | back 23 act as a primary conduction path in to the free wall originating from the right bundle branch |
front 24 what is the role of chordae tendinae and papillary muscles? (these are present in both ventricles) | back 24 The papillary muscles are muscles located in the ventricles of the heart. They attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves (also known as the mitral and tricuspid valves) via the chordae tendineae and contract to prevent inversion or prolapse of these valves on systole |
front 25 through which valve does blood from the right ventricle pass to get into the pulmonary trunk? | back 25 pulmonary valve |
front 26 what is the destination of blood that leave the right ventricle? | back 26 flow to the lungs via the pulmonary artery |
front 27 blood draining into the left atrium is draining from which organ? | back 27 Deoxygenated blood is drained from the left atrium through the oblique vein of the left atrium, which joins with the larger coronary sinus to return blood to the interior of the heart. |
front 28 is this blood oxygenated or not? | back 28 left atrium receives the oxygenated blood |
front 29 the left atrium is separated from the right atrium by what? | back 29 interatrial septum |
front 30 what valve does blood from the left atrium pass through to get to the left ventricle? why is it called bicuspid | back 30 mitral valve-contains two cusps-allows the blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle |
front 31 does the left ventricle have a moderator band? | back 31 no the right ventricle |
front 32 does the LV have papillary muscles, trabeculae carne and chordae tendinae? | back 32 yes |
front 33 why is the left ventricular myocardium thicker than the right ventricular myocardium? | back 33 The myocardium is thinnest within the atria, as the atria fill largely through passive blood flow. The right ventricle myocardium is thicker than the atrial myocardium, as this muscle must pump all blood returning to the heart into the lungs for oxygenation. |
front 34 through what valve does blood from the LV pass to get into the ascending aorta? | back 34 tricuspid valve |
front 35 when do the sinuses of the semilunar valves fill with blood? is it in diastole or systole? | back 35 -diastole |
front 36 when do the coronary arteries get their blood from the aortic semilunar sinuses? is it diastole or systole? | back 36 no data |
front 37 the heart receives autonomic nervous system fibers. the heart electrical system is capable of autonomous function. these nerves only modulate the hearts intrinsic electrical system | back 37 no data |
front 38 what are the two major arteries of the heart? | back 38 the coronary arteries and the circumflex artery |
front 39 at what point do they branch off the aorta? | back 39 no data |
front 40 what part of the heart do they chiefly supply? | back 40 they supply the heart with oxygenated blood |
front 41 label the right coronary, right marginal artery and posterior interventricular artery | back 41 no data |
front 42 label left corornary artery, anterior interventricular artery, circumflex artery and left marginal artery | back 42 no data |
front 43 which of the two supplies the major (2/3) part of the IVS | back 43 no data |
front 44 what is the corornary sinus? which heart chamber does it drain into? | back 44 receives blood from the coronary veins and empties into the right atrium of the heart -drains into the right atrium |
front 45 label veins p.17 and 18 | back 45 no data |
front 46 what is the function of the cardiac conduction system? | back 46 send signals to the heart muscle causing it to contract |
front 47 what structures make up the conduction system? | back 47 SA node , AV node, bundle of his, bundle branches, and purkinje fibers |
front 48 what is systole? what is diastole? | back 48 systole-the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries diastole-the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood |
front 49 true/false-during systole only the left ventricle contracts | back 49 true |
front 50 true/false-during systole the AV valves are wide open | back 50 true |
front 51 what is auscultation? what are the auscultation points of the valves of the heart? | back 51 the action of listening to sounds from the heart, lungs, or other organs, typically with a stethoscope, as a part of medical diagnosis. -aortic valve, pulmonic valve, tricuspid valve, and mitral valve |
front 52 distinguish blood vessels from the pulmonary and systematic circuits | back 52 PULMONARY: blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs. systematic:Freshly oxygenated blood leaving the lungs is returned to the left atrium and passes into the left ventricle which pumps it into the aorta. |
front 53 list the 5 main types of blood vessels | back 53 1.arteries 2.arterioles 3.capillaries 4.venules 5.veins |
front 54 what function defines an artery? | back 54 An artery is a vessel that carries blood away from the heart and toward other tissues and organs. Arteries are part of the circulatory system, which delivers oxygen and nutrients to every cell of the body. |
front 55 what function defines a vein? | back 55 Veins are the blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from parts of our body back to the heart. |
front 56 identify the main differences in anatomy of the various blood vessel types | back 56 -arteries and veins range in size from 10 mm to 0.1 mm (100 microns) -arterioles and venules are 10 to 100 microns -capillaries are less than 10 microns |
front 57 what are the three layers in blood vessels larger than 100 microns in diameter | back 57 no data |
front 58 which layer of those listed above is found in capillaries? | back 58 papillary layer |
front 59 why do you think smooth muscle is important in blood vessel walls? | back 59 It relaxes to allow more blood to flow to an area, and contracts to restrict the local blood flow. |
front 60 what is vasa vasorum? | back 60 is a network of small blood vessels that supply the walls of large blood vessels, such as elastic arteries (aorta) and large veins (vena cava). |
front 61 what structure is present in veins that is absent in arteries, arterioles and venules? | back 61 internal elastic membrane |
front 62 why are valves important in veins? | back 62 they prevent backflow. the valves in the heart prevent backflow from the ventricles to the atria. and the valves in the veins prevent backflow because the blood pressure is lower in the veins than the arteries. Therefore helping the blood return to the heart again. |
front 63 list one function of blood | back 63 supplies essential nutrients to cells |
front 64 blood is what percent of body volume | back 64 about 7 percent of body weight |
front 65 plasma is what percent of body volume...while cells are what percent of blood volume? | back 65 55 percent plasma and 45 percent blood cells |
front 66 what is the difference between serum and plasma? | back 66 Serum is that part of blood which is similar in composition with plasma but exclude clotting factors of blood. Fibrinogen is a protein that is involved in blood coagulation |
front 67 list one type of stain used in blood work | back 67 gram stain |
front 68 what is the main component of RBCs | back 68 hemoglobin |
front 69 what is the principal function of RBCs? | back 69 the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide |
front 70 each hemoglobin consists of 4 what and 4 what transporting carbon dioxide and oxygen respectively | back 70 4 subunits. 4 molecules |
front 71 what is the difference between granulocytes and agranulocytes? | back 71 A granulocyte is a white blood cell that has granular cytoplasm. Agranulocytes are white blood cells that lack cytoplasmic granules. Name five types of leukocytes, and list the major functions of each type. |
front 72 what is the difference between mononuclear and polymorphonuclear WBCs? | back 72 mono has one lobed nucleus and poly has more |
front 73 which type of wbc is involved in cell mediation immunity antibody mediated immunity? | back 73 cell-mediated immunity |
front 74 which type of wbc is very rare, has numerous purplish granules and is involved in mediation of allergic responses....it is? | back 74 neutrophils |
front 75 this wbc has neutral granules, is the most common wbc (70%) and the first responder inflammatory response. it is? | back 75 no data |
front 76 this wbc has numerous reddish granules and is involved in parasitic infectins. it is ? | back 76 eosinophil |
front 77 what is unique about avian RBCs? | back 77 lifespan 28 to 45 days |
front 78 which blood component initiates clotting? | back 78 platelets |
front 79 what is the pH of blood? does that mean it is near neutral, acidic or alkaline | back 79 A pH of 7 is neutral. The lower the pH, the more acidic the blood. A variety of factors affect blood pH including what is ingested, vomiting, diarrhea, lung function, endocrine function, kidney function, and urinary tract infection. The normal blood pH is tightly regulated between 7.35 and 7.45. |
front 80 relative to water, does blood have higher or lower osmolarity? | back 80 lower |
front 81 what is hematocrit? would your hematocrit increase if you moved from Charleston SC to Aspen CO? Aspen is a higher altitude | back 81 the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood |
front 82 list the three major proteins in blood | back 82 albumin, fibrinogen, and globulins |
front 83 what is the difference between hematopoiesis and erythropoiesis? | back 83 Hematopoiesis the development of ALL cells in the blood including red blood cells (RBC) and all white blood cells, whereas erythropoiesis is on the process of RBC development. |
front 84 what is the difference in red bone marrow distribution between adults and infants? | back 84 found in flat bone in infants and its restricted to flat bones in adults |
front 85 t/f-all blood cells arise from the same stem cell | back 85 false |
front 86 what protein is produced by the kidneys in response to decrease renal blood oxygen content? | back 86 erthropoietin |
front 87 what are the three dietary requirments for adequate red blood cell synthesis? | back 87 no data |
front 88 what is the average life span of human RBCs | back 88 80 to 120 days |
front 89 t/f-in RH positive person, the RBC do not carry RH agglutinogens | back 89 false |
front 90 t/f-RH negative mother will have issues when she carries the first RH positive fetus | back 90 true |
front 91 From which ventricle does blood leave for the pulmonary circuit. Through which valve and by which blood vessel does this blood get leave the heart for the lungs. | back 91 right ventricle/pulmonary valve |
front 92 Which blood vessels deliver oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium? | back 92 The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium to be returned to systemic circulation. The aorta is the largest artery in the body. It carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle of the heart into systemic circulation. |
front 93 Where does the ascending aorta begin at? | back 93 the top of the left ventricle |
front 94 Where (in relation to the aortic semilunar valves) do the coronary arteries come off the aorta? | back 94 Two major coronary arteries branch off from the aorta near the point where the aorta and the left ventricle meet. |
front 95 What are the three blood vessels that come off of the aortic arch? | back 95 divides into right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery), the left common carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery. |
front 96 How many brachiocephalic trunks are there? | back 96 one |
front 97 How many brachiocephalic veins are there? See slide 14 for answer. | back 97 two veins |
front 98 How many common carotid arteries do we have? | back 98 two |
front 99 In general, what structures are served blood by the external carotid arteries | back 99 right branches from the right common carotid and left branches from the left common carotid artery |
front 100 What structures are served by the internal carotid arteries? | back 100 cerebral branches |
front 101 True or false: The biceps muscle is supplied by the internal carotid artery | back 101 true |
front 102 The descending aorta runs from aortic arch to which vertebral level? | back 102 sternomanubrial joint |
front 103 The descending thoracic aorta runs from the aortic arch to the diaphragm. In many texts, this part of the descending aorta is simply called the thoracic aorta | back 103 no data |
front 104 The thoracic aorta crosses the …………………..and is then referred to as become the descending abdominal aorta (OR simply as the abdominal aorta) | back 104 no data |
front 105 Be able to ID at least one branch of the abdominal aorta on a diagram | back 105 no data |
front 106 What are the three branches of the celiac trunk?-What do they supply? | back 106 left gastric artery, common hepatic artery, and the splenic artery..supplies blood |
front 107 The superior mesenteric supplies 90 percent of the …………………intestines and about 50 percent of the …………………………………intestine | back 107 no data |
front 108 At the level of L4/L5 the abdominal aorta divides into what two arteries? | back 108 right and left common iliac arteries |
front 109 Each of these divides into a) ……………… artery that sends blood to the pelvis, and b) an external iliac artery. that sends blood to the lower limb. | back 109 no data |
front 110 The last artery in item above crosses the body wall to become the ……………………………..artery on the medial aspect of the upper thigh | back 110 no data |
front 111 True or false: The gastrocnemius is supplied by the internal carotid arteries | back 111 true |
front 112 The femoral artery runs down the medial aspect of the thigh, then becomes posterior at the knee joint, where it is called the …………… artery. | back 112 femoral |
front 113 Just below the knee, the ……………… artery divides into an anterior tibial artery and a……………….. artery. The ……………….. gives off a lateral branch called the ……………… artery. | back 113 no data |
front 114 The posterior tibial artery runs down the medial side of the ankle to end up as the deep plantar arch. The anterior tibial crosses the ankle as the “dorsal pedal” artery to supply the dorsal surface of the foot. The fibular artery runs down the lateral edge of the foot…see slides 47, 48 and 49 | back 114 no data |
front 115 What area is drained by the internal, jugular veins? | back 115 brain face neck |
front 116 What area is drained by the external jugular veins? | back 116 deep parts of the face |
front 117 The internal jugular and subclavian veins unite to form the Brachiocephalic what? | back 117 vein |
front 118 What region of the trunk is drained by the azygos vein? | back 118 upper lumbar region |
front 119 What three veins come together to form the Hepatic portal vein? | back 119 inferior and superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein |
front 120 What great vein drains the dorsum of the foot? | back 120 great saphenous vein |
front 121 What drains the plantar surface of the foot? | back 121 no data |
front 122 Why are the lungs and liver bypassed by vascular shunts in the fetus? | back 122 lungs develop late |
front 123 What shunt bypasses the liver? What does it become after birth | back 123 TIPS |
front 124 What two shunts bypass the lungs? What do they become after birth | back 124 foramen ovale |
front 125 What are the three components of the lymphoid system | back 125 fluid, vessels that transport the lymph, and organs that contain lymphoid tissue |
front 126 What is the main component of ECF? | back 126 fluid outside of cells |
front 127 What two forces drive the movement of ECF | back 127 no data |
front 128 Why do we need the lymphatic system | back 128 helps get rid of body toxins |
front 129 Is the lymphatic system one way or two way.? | back 129 one way system |
front 130 Where does it dump the collected fluid? | back 130 back into the system |
front 131 Where does the lymphatic system originate from ? | back 131 plasma |
front 132 Are lymphatic capillaries smaller or larger than blood vascular capillaries. Are they more or less permeable? | back 132 larger/yes |
front 133 What are the different types of lymphatic vessels? | back 133 no data |
front 134 how are lymphatic collecting vessels similar to veins | back 134 Like veins of the blood vascular system, the lymphatic collecting vessels have three tunics and are equipped with valves Carry lymph. |
front 135 Give an example of tissue without lymphatic vessels. What is a lacteal | back 135 lyphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fats in the villi of the small intestine |
front 136 What does cisterna chyli drain? | back 136 white fat from the digestive organs |
front 137 Know the pattern of drainage in 18-9 | back 137 no data |
front 138 What are primary and secondary lymphoid organs? | back 138 primary-where lymphocytes are formed and mature secondary-maintain mature naïve lymphocytes and initiate an adaptive immune response |
front 139 What is the major cell type in lymphoid organs? 18-9b | back 139 reticulocytes and FDCs |
front 140 18-10 is FYI to appreciate the global coverage by the lymphoid system | back 140 no data |
front 141 What are the functions of lymph nodes. Name two other cell types, apart from lymphocytes, that are present in lymph nodes?. Do not memorize 18-11 .Simply understand the organization of a lymph node and the flow of lymph through it. | back 141 no data |
front 142 What is one function of spleen (18-30)? Be able to locate spleen (18-29) | back 142 act as a filter for your blood |
front 143 What is the function of thymus? Is it fully present in the adult? Can you recognize it 18-33 | back 143 containing glandular tissue and producing several hormones |
front 144 What is malt? Give an example of MALT. | back 144 mucosa associated lymphatic tissue -small intestines |