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114 notecards = 29 pages (4 cards per page)

Viewing:

Respiratory System

front 1

Air and food are routed into the proper channels by the ________.
A) larynx
B) pharynx
C) trachea
D) carina

back 1

A) larynx

front 2

The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is ________.
A) to secrete surfactant
B) to protect the lungs from bacterial invasion
C) to replace mucus in the alveoli
D) to trap dust and other debris

back 2

A) to secrete surfactant

front 3

Fill in the missing organs of the respiratory system:
________________ (air enters) → nasal cavity → _________________ (both air and food move
through) → trachea → ___________________ (large tubes leading to both lungs) → lungs

back 3

NOSE-- LARYNX--BRONCHI

front 4

Each lung is surrounded by two layers of serous membrane known as pleurae. These are:
__________ pleura; covers the surface of the lung
__________ pleura; lines the thoracic wall

back 4

1) VISCERAL PLEURA
2) PARIETAL PLEURA

front 5

The thin fluid-filled space between the two pulmonary pleurae in is called the ____________ cavity and it is filled with ___________ fluid.
This fluid assists breathing movements by acting as a ________________.

back 5

1) PLEURAL CAVITY
2) PLEURAL FLUID

front 6

Bronchial tree

back 6

the branching system of bronchi and bronchioles conducting air from the windpipe into the lungs.

front 7

Air flows from the trachea through the ______________, ______________, and ______________ bronchi to smaller and smaller bronchi. The trachea and bronchi contain ______________ to keep the airways open.

back 7

1) MAIN BRONCHI
2) SECONDARY BRONCHI
3) TERTIARY BRONCHI
4) SUPPORTING CARTILEDGE

front 8

Airways from the nasal cavity through the terminal bronchioles are called the __________________
zone.
The function of this zone is to _____________ and ______________ the air.
Is there gas exchange in this zone?

back 8

1) CONDUCTING ZONE
2) WARM AND MOISTEN
3) NO

front 9

Two groups of digestive organs

back 9

Alimentary canal (gastrointestinal or GI tract)

  • Digests and absorbs food
  • Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

front 10

Accessory digestive organs

back 10

Teeth, tongue, gallbladde

front 11

Digestive glands

back 11

Salivary glands

Liver

Pancreas

front 12

Digestive Processes, Six essential activities

back 12

1.Ingestion

2.Propulsion

3.Mechanical digestion

4.Chemical digestion

5.Absorption

6.Defecation

front 13

General Characteristics of the Alimentary Canal

back 13

  • The alimentary canal is a muscular tube about 8 meters long

front 14

Peritoneum

Visceral peritoneum

Parietal peritoneum

back 14

serous membrane of the abdominal cavity

external surface of most digestive organs

lines the body wall

front 15

Peritoneal cavity

back 15

Between the two peritoneums

–Fluid lubricates mobile organs

front 16

Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity

  • Mesentery is a
  • Retroperitoneal organs lie posterior to the peritoneum
  • Intraperitoneal (peritoneal) organs are surrounded by the peritoneum

back 16

double layer of peritoneum

–Routes for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves

–Holds organs in place and stores fat

front 17

  • Retroperitoneal organs lie

back 17

posterior to the peritoneum

front 18

Intraperitoneal (peritoneal) organs are

back 18

surrounded by the peritoneum

front 19

Blood Supply

back 19

  • Arteries

Hepatic, splenic, and left gastric

Inferior and superior mesenteric

front 20

Splanchnic Circulation

back 20

  • Hepatic portal circulation

Drains nutrient-rich blood from digestive organs

Delivers it to the liver for processing

front 21

  • Submucosal plexus

back 21

controls secretions

front 22

Myenteric plexus

back 22

controls gastrointestinal motility

front 23

  • Parasympathetic impulses

back 23

increase activities of digestive system

front 24

Sympathetic impulses

back 24

inhibit certain digestive actions

front 25

  • The mouth: This action is called mastication

back 25

  • Ingests food
  • Mechanically breaks up solid particles using saliva
  • Prepares food for chemical digestion

front 26

Cheeks and Lips

back 26

  • The cheeks form the lateral walls of the mouth
  • The lips are highly mobile structures that surround the mouth opening

front 27

Tongue

back 27

The tongue is a thick, muscular organ that occupies the floor of the mouth and nearly fills the oral cavity when the mouth is closed

front 28

Palate

back 28

forms the roof of the oral cavity and consists of a hard anterior part and a soft posterior part

front 29

Salivary Glands

back 29

  • secrete saliva
  • This begins the digestion of carbohydrates

front 30

The three pairs of major salivary glands, including:

back 30

  • Parotid glands
  • Submandibular glands
  • Sublingual glands

front 31

  • There are many minor glands scattered throughout the

back 31

mucosa of the tongue, palate, and cheeks

front 32

  • Serous cells produce a watery fluid with a digestive enzyme called

back 32

salivary amylase

front 33

  • Mucous cells secrete

back 33

mucous

front 34

Parotid glands

back 34

  • Secrete clear watery, serous fluid
  • Rich in salivary amylase

front 35

  • Submandibular glands

back 35

Secrete primarily serous fluid and some mucus

front 36

  • Sublingual glands

back 36

Secrete primarily mucus

front 37

Pharynx and Esophagus

back 37

  • The pharynx is a cavity posterior to the mouth from which the tubular esophagus leads to the stomach
  • Both the pharynx and esophagus muscular walls function in swallowing

front 38

The pharynx can be divided into the following parts

back 38

  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx

front 39

Swallowing can be divided into three stages:

back 39

  • Voluntary stage where saliva is mixed with chewed food
  • Swallowing begins and the swallowing reflex is triggered
  • Peristalsis transports food in the esophagus to the stomach
  • The peristaltic waves pushes food through the pharynx

front 40

Esophagus

back 40

  • Flat muscular tube from laryngopharynx to stomach
  • Pierces diaphragm at esophageal hiatus
  • Joins stomach at the cardiac orifice

front 41

Stomach

back 41

  • is a J-shaped, pouch-like organ, about 25-30 centimeters long
  • It hangs inferior to the diaphragm in the upper-left portion of the abdominal cavity

front 42

The stomach has three layers of smooth muscle

back 42

  • An inner circular layer
  • An outer longitudinal layer
  • A further inner layer of oblique fibers

front 43

The mucous membrane of the stomach has tubular gastric glands that secrete:

back 43

  • Pepsinogen
  • Pepsin
  • Hydrochloric acid
  • Mucus
  • Intrinsic factor

front 44

The mucous membrane of the stomach has tubular gastric glands that secrete:

  • Pepsinogen

back 44

  • From the chief cells
  • Inactive form of pepsin

front 45

The mucous membrane of the stomach has tubular gastric glands that secrete:

  • Pepsin

back 45

  • From pepsinogen in the presence of hydrochloric acid
  • Is a protein splitting enzyme

front 46

The mucous membrane of the stomach has tubular gastric glands that secrete:

  • Hydrochloric acid

back 46

  • From the parietal cells
  • Needed to convert pepsinogen to pepsin

front 47

The mucous membrane of the stomach has tubular gastric glands that secrete:

  • Mucus

back 47

  • From the goblet cells and the mucous glands
  • Protective to stomach wall

front 48

The mucous membrane of the stomach has tubular gastric glands that secrete:

  • Intrinsic factor

back 48

  • From the parietal cells
  • Is required for vitamin B12 absorption

front 49

Gastric Absorption

back 49

  • Gastric enzymes begin breaking down proteins, but the stomach is not well-adapted to absorb digestive products

front 50

The stomach does absorb:

back 50

  • Some water
  • Certain salts
  • Certain lipid-soluble drugs
  • Alcohol

front 51

The pancreas has a dual function

back 51

as both an endocrine gland and exocrine gland

front 52

The exocrine function

back 52

is to secrete digestive juice called pancreatic juice

front 53

endocrine gland

back 53

ductless

front 54

Pancreatic juice contains

back 54

enzymes that digest carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids

front 55

  • Pancreatic amylase

back 55

– splits glycogen into disaccharides

front 56

Pancreatic lipase

back 56

breaks down triglycerides

front 57

Digest proteins

back 57

Trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and carboxypeptidase

front 58

  • Nucleases

back 58

– digest nucleic acids

front 59

Bicarbonate ions

back 59

– make pancreatic juice alkaline

front 60

Regulation of Pancreatic Secretion

  • CCK induces the secretion

back 60

of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice by acini

front 61

Regulation of Pancreatic Secretion

  • Secretin causes

back 61

secretion of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice by duct cells

front 62

Regulation of Pancreatic Secretion

  • Vagal stimulation also

back 62

causes release of pancreatic juice (minor stimulus)

front 63

Liver

back 63

  • The liver is the largest internal organ
  • It is located in the upper-right abdominal quadrant just beneath the diaphragm

front 64

The liver carries on many important metabolic activities, including:

back 64

  • Produces glycogen from glucose
  • Breaks down glycogen into glucose
  • Converts non-carbohydrates to glucose
  • Oxidizes fatty acids
  • Synthesizes lipoproteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol
  • Converts carbohydrates and proteins into fats
  • Deaminating amino acids
  • Forms urea
  • Synthesizes plasma proteins
  • Converts some amino acids to other amino acids
  • Stores glycogen, iron, and vitamins A, D, and B12
  • Phagocytosis of worn out RBCs and foreign substances
  • Removes toxins such as alcohol and certain drugs from the blood

front 65

Bile

back 65

  • Bile is a yellowish-green liquid that hepatic cells continuously secrete

front 66

Bile contains

back 66

  • Water
  • Bile salts:

front 67

Bile salts:

back 67

  • Emulsify fats
  • Help absorb fatty acids, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins
  • Bile pigments
  • Cholesterol
  • Electrolytes

front 68

Functions of Bile Salts

back 68

  • Bile salts aid digestive enzymes
  • They reduce surface tension and break fat globules into droplets (like soap or detergent) and this is called emulsification
  • They enhance absorption of fatty acids and cholesterol
  • They help absorb fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K
  • Bile salts are recycled as they return to the liver

front 69

Bile secretion is stimulated by

back 69

–Bile salts in enterohepatic circulation

–Secretin from intestinal cells exposed to HCl and fatty chyme

front 70

Small Intestine consists of three parts that include:

back 70

  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum

front 71

Functions of the Large Intestine

back 71

  • Has little or no digestive function
  • Absorbs water and electrolytes
  • Secretes mucus
  • Houses intestinal flora
  • Forms feces
  • Carries out defecation

front 72

Feces is composed of materials not digested or absorbed, and include:

back 72

  • Water
  • Electrolytes
  • Mucus
  • Bacteria
  • Bile pigments altered by bacteria provide the color

front 73

The pungent odor is produced by bacterial compounds including:

back 73

  • Phenol
  • Hydrogen sulfide
  • Indole
  • Skatole
  • Ammonia

front 74

  1. the layers of the alimentary canal, starting with the outermost layer

back 74

Serosa, Longitudinal Muscle, Circular Muscle, Submucosa, Mucosa

front 75

Where is salivary amylase released from?

back 75

Parotid gland

front 76

What does salivary amylase digest?

back 76

  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Glucose

front 77

Gastrin: What is it for?

back 77

Hormone secreted by the stomach that regulates gastric juice secretion by stimulating HCl production.

front 78

  1. Secretion of Cholecystokinin(CCK) from the intestinal wall is stimulated in the presence of what foods?

back 78

no data

front 79

Secretin:

back 79

inhibits the action of pancreatic lipase.

front 80

no data

back 80

- occurs in stomach

front 81

Segmentation

back 81

occurs in small intestine

front 82

What is the part of the digestive tract with the most lymph nodules and bacteria?

back 82

Ileum

front 83

What is the greater omentum formed out of?

back 83

Peritoneal membrane

front 84

If the liver is damaged , what is going to be harder to digest?

back 84

Lipids

front 85

  1. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ____?

back 85

Increased

front 86

  1. Peristaltic waves; where are they starting?

back 86

Esophagus

front 87

  1. The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place….

back 87

Mesenteries

front 88

  1. Expiration, unlike inspiration, is a passive act. Expiration depends on 2 factors…

back 88

  1. Elastic recoil of the lungs
  2. Surface tension of alveolar fluid

front 89

  1. What structure has the greatest surface area for gas exchange in the lungs

back 89

Alveoli

front 90

  1. What determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?

back 90

Partial pressure gradient

front 91

  1. In high altitude, how does the body compensated for the decreased oxygen in your lungs?

back 91

Erythropoietin

front 92

  1. The force responsible for normal expiration is____

back 92

elastic recoil of tissues and surface tension.

front 93

  1. The Pharynx

back 93

the common passage way for both air and food

front 94

  1. Epiglottis

back 94

“Saves you from dying”

front 95

  1. In a protein deficient diet, what happens to the water in your cells?

back 95

Fluid leaves the cells and fills into the interstitial tissue

front 96

How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood?

A) chemically combined with the amino acids of hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin in the red blood cells

B) as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells

C) as carbonic acid in the plasma

D) chemically combined with the heme portion of hemoglobin

back 96

B) as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells

front 97

A fluid secreted into the small intestine during digestion that contains cholesterol, emulsification agents, and phospholipids is ________.

  1. A) bile
  2. B) pancreatic juice
  3. C) intestinal juice
  4. D) gastric juice

back 97

A) bile

front 98

When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called ________.

  1. A) absorption
  2. B) secretion
  3. C) chemical digestion
  4. D) mechanical digestion

back 98

C) chemical digestion

front 99

Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed?

  1. A) B12
  2. B) K
  3. C) A
  4. D) C

back 99

A) B12

front 100

The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________.

  1. A) loss of oxygen in tissues
  2. B) increase of carbon dioxide
  3. C) pH (acidosis)
  4. D) pH (alkalosis)

back 100

B) increase of carbon dioxide

front 101

The relationship between the pressure and volume of gases is given by ________.

A) Boyle's law

B) Henry's law

C) Charles' law

D) Dalton's law

back 101

A) Boyle's law

front 102

The terminal portion of the small intestine is known as the ________.

A) duodenum

B) ileum

C) jejunum

D) pyloric sphincter

back 102

B) ileum

front 103

Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

  1. A) less than the pressure in the atmosphere.
  2. B) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.
  3. C) equal to the pressure in the atmosphere.
  4. D) greater than the intra-alveolar pressure.

back 103

B) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.

front 104

Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a balloon?

  1. A) diaphragm would contract, external intercostals would relax
  2. B) internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract
  3. C) external intercostals would contract and diaphragm would relax

D) diaphragm contracts, internal intercostals would relax

back 104

B) internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract

front 105

The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to ________.

A) carry toxins to the venous system for disposal through the urinary tract

B) collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage

C) distribute hormones

D) return glucose to the general circulation when blood sugar is low

back 105

B) collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage

front 106

Which of the following correctly describes mechanisms of CO2 transport?

A) 710% of CO2 is dissolved directly into the plasma

B) 20% of CO2 is carried in the form of carbaminohemoglobin

C) as bicarbonate ion in plasma

D) attached to the heme part of hemoglobin

back 106

D) attached to the heme part of hemoglobin

front 107

Which of the following is true concerning the number and type of permanent teeth?

A) There are 32 permanent teeth, and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge.

B) There are 27 permanent teeth, and the first molars are usually the last to emerge.

C) The number of permanent teeth is always equal to the number of primary teeth.

D) The number of upper permanent teeth is not equal to the number of lower permanent teeth.

back 107

A) There are 32 permanent teeth, and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge.

front 108

Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the secretory cells of the stomach?

A) chief cells

B) parietal cells

C) serous cells

D) mucous neck cells

back 108

B) parietal cells

front 109

The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases ________.

A) Henry's law

B) Boyle's law

C) Dalton's law

D) Charles' law

back 109

C) Dalton's law

front 110

The mechanical and chemical receptors that control digestive activity are located ________.

  1. A) in the glandular tissue that lines the organ lumen
  2. B) in the walls of the tract organs
  3. C) in the pons and medulla
  4. D) only in the esophagus because this is the only part of the tract that needs to change to accommodate food passage

back 110

B) in the walls of the tract organs

front 111

Peristaltic waves are ________.

A) segmental regions of the gastrointestinal tract

B) churning movements of the gastrointestinal tract

C) pendular movements of the gastrointestinal tract

D) waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another

back 111

D) waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another

front 112

Select the statement that is true concerning primary teeth.

  1. A) There are 27 primary teeth, and the molars are permanent.
  2. B) There are 24 primary teeth, and no new primary teeth appear after 13 months.
  3. C) There are 20 primary teeth, and by 24 months of age most children have all 20.
  4. D) There are 32 primary teeth, and most children lose these teeth due to decay because they are never very strong.

back 112

C) There are 20 primary teeth, and by 24 months of age most children have all 20

front 113

Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood:

A) During normal activity, a molecule of hemoglobin returning to the lungs carries one molecule of O2.

B) During conditions of acidosis, hemoglobin is able to carry oxygen more efficiently.

C) Increased BPG levels in the red blood cells enhance oxygen-carrying capacity.

D) A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal.

back 113

D) A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal.

front 114

Question

Correct Match

Selected Match

Item A

D.

appendix

D.

appendix

Item B

C.

ileum

C.

ileum

Item C

A.

duodenum

A.

duodenum

Item D

B.

jejunum

B.

jejunum

back 114

Question

Correct Match

Selected Match

Item A

D.

appendix

D.

appendix

Item B

C.

ileum

C.

ileum

Item C

A.

duodenum

A.

duodenum

Item D

B.

jejunum

B.

jejunum