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81 notecards = 21 pages (4 cards per page)

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Chapter 25 The Digestive System

front 1

The functions of the ____ cavity include ingestion, speech, and respriation

back 1

buccal

front 2

Name the three phases of gastric regulation

back 2

gastric, intestinal, cephalic

front 3

List, in order, the segments of the small intestine

back 3

duodenum, jejunem, ileum

front 4

The pancreatic islets are the ____ portion of the pancreas, while the majority of the pancreas is an _____ gland secreting enzymes and sodium bicarbonate

back 4

endocrine; exocrine

front 5

List the pancreatic enzymes that digest protein

back 5

trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase

front 6

When swallowing, a bolus of food moves from the mouth into the ____ before the esophagus

back 6

pharynx

front 7

The selective intake of food is known as

back 7

ingestion

front 8

_____ and _____ are absorbed into blood. ______ are absorbed into lymph.

back 8

protein and carbohydrates; lipids

front 9

List the purposes for small intestinal muscle contractions

back 9

propel contents along intestines

mixing of chyme with secretions

increase contact of chyme with intestinal lining

front 10

The straight muscular tube conveying from food from pharynx to the stomach is the _____

back 10

esophagus

front 11

The portion of the tooth that is exposed from the gum, that you can see is known as the ____ of the tooth

back 11

crown

front 12

List in order the passage of bile from its point of secretion in the liver to the duodenum

back 12

bile canliculi

bile ductules

hepatic ducts

common hepatic duct

bile duct

front 13

As a group, the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands are classified as ____ salivary glands

back 13

extrinsic

front 14

List examples of how the digestive system mechanically digests materials

back 14

chewing, churning of stomach, and segmentation

front 15

The ______ _______ does not secrete digestive enzymes, but does absorb water and electrolytes

back 15

large intesting

front 16

The enzyme _____ _____ begins starch digestion in the mouth

back 16

salivary amylase

front 17

Describe goblet cells

back 17

mucus-secreting epithelial cells

front 18

List the components of intestinal juice secreted by the intestinal crypts

back 18

water and mucus

front 19

Name the liver function that contributes to the process of digestion

back 19

secretion of bile

front 20

The hard noncellular secretion that covers the crown and neck of a tooth is the _____

back 20

enamel

front 21

List the components of bile

back 21

cholesterol, bile acids, phospholipids, and bile pigments

front 22

Identify the functions of saliva

back 22

aids in swallowing

dissolves molecules so they can be tasted

inhibits bacterial growth

front 23

Bile acids are recycled from liver to the small intestine and back via the ________ circulation

back 23

enterohepatic

front 24

The portion of the stomach between the fundus and the pyloric regions is known as the _____

back 24

corpus

front 25

Describe the gallbladder

back 25

sac on underside of liver

front 26

List functions of the cheeks and lips

back 26

push food between teeth

sucking action

speech articulation

front 27

The _____ nervous system is comprised of the submucosal and myenteric plexuses

back 27

enteric

front 28

List some of the functions of stomach acid

back 28

activate pepsin and lingual lipase

denature proteins in food

destroy pathogens

front 29

List the substances absorbed from the stomach

back 29

aspirin, lipid-soluble drugs

front 30

Name the stimulus for the defecation reflex

back 30

stretching of the sigmoid colon and stretching of rectum

front 31

The _______ reflex involves the duodenum sending signals, typically inhibitory, to the stomach

back 31

enterogastric

front 32

The segment of the digestive tract found on the right side of the abdomen is the _____ colon

back 32

ascending

front 33

The hormone has a strong stimulatory effect on the gallblader

back 33

cholecystokinin

front 34

List the blood vessels that carry blood to the liver

back 34

hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein

front 35

Collectively, the teeth are known as the _____

back 35

dentition

front 36

An enzyme called gastric lipase digests dietary _____ in the stomach of infants

back 36

fat

front 37

The conical projection that extends from posterior margin of the soft palate is called the _____

back 37

uvula

front 38

List the three layers of the muscularis externa of the stomach

back 38

outer longitudinal

middle circular

inner oblique

front 39

Name the pancreatic secretion that is needed to neutralize the acid in the chyme arriving in the duodenum

back 39

sodium bicarbonate

front 40

An enzyme that is secreted in its inactive form is known as a ______

back 40

zymogen

front 41

The term ______ means pertaining to the intestines

back 41

enter

front 42

Name the hormone secreted by the mucosa of the small intestine that stimulates gallbladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme release

back 42

CCK

front 43

The rhythmic, wave-like contraction of the smooth muscles of the digestive tract is known as ______

back 43

peristalsis

front 44

The spongy retroperitoneal gland posterior to the greater curvature of the stomach describes the

back 44

pancreas

front 45

Name the function of the bile components lecithin and bile acids

back 45

fat digestion

front 46

List some of the functions of stomach acid

back 46

destroy pathogens

denature proteins in food

activate pepsin and lingual lipase

front 47

The S-shaped portion of the large intestine, located in the lower left quadrant, is the ____ colon

back 47

sigmoid

front 48

The term _____ refers to the group of enzymes that digest proteins

back 48

protease

front 49

Glucose and galactose are moved into absorptive cells via _____ while fructose is absorbed by _______

back 49

transporters; facilitated diffusion

front 50

List some components of saliva

back 50

mucus, amlyase and lipase, water, and lysozyme

front 51

The portions of the large intestine that are located in the pelvic cavity are the _____ and anal canal

back 51

rectum

front 52

The villi of the small intestine are best described as

back 52

fingerlike projections of mucosa

front 53

A series of hydrolysis reactions that breaks dietary marcomolecules into monomers is known as ______ digestion

back 53

chemical

front 54

List the mechanisms that protect the stomach lining from the acidic environment

back 54

epithelial cell replacement

tight junctions between epithelial cells

mucous coat

front 55

The salivary gland located just beneath the skin anterior to the earlobe is the ______ salivary gland

back 55

parotid

front 56

The upper _____ ______ is formed by the inferior pharyngeal constrictors

back 56

esophageal sphincter

front 57

The inactive precursor of pepsin is

back 57

pepsinogen

front 58

The valve at the junction of the small intestine to the large intestine is the _____ valve

back 58

ileocecal

front 59

Name the process by which large drops of fats are broken apart into smaller fat droplets

back 59

emulsification

front 60

The soupy mixture of semidigested food formed in the stomach is known as _____

back 60

chyme

front 61

The large intestines begin with a pouch inferior to the ileocecal valve that is known as the

back 61

cecum

front 62

List three examples of hormones produced by the digestive tracts

back 62

gastrin, CCK, secretin

front 63

Muscular contractions called ______ involve alternating ring-like constrictions at several places along the intestine

back 63

segmentation

front 64

List the nervous components that mediate the defecation reflex

back 64

parasympathetic nervous system

myenteric nerve plexus

front 65

Name the muscular band that regulates the passage of chyme from the stomach to the duodenum

back 65

pyloric sphincter

front 66

The hormone _____ is secreted by the small intestine in response to the presence of acidic chyme

back 66

secretin

front 67

The enzyme that digests dietary starch is salivary or pancreatic

back 67

amylase

front 68

List four components of gastric juice

back 68

water, pepsin, lipase, hydrochloric acid

front 69

Describe the goal of the cephalic phase of gastric regulation

back 69

to prepare the stomach for the arrival of food

front 70

_____ is the enzyme that digests lipids. It has lingual, gastric, and pancreatic forms

back 70

lipase

front 71

Water is absorbed through the process of _______, following the absorption of salts and organic nutrients

back 71

osmosis

front 72

The enzymes that hydrolyzes nucleic acids into nucleotides are called ________

back 72

nucleases

front 73

List the components of the pulp found within teeth

back 73

loose connective tissue, blood and lymphatic vessels, and nerves

front 74

The forceful ejection of stomach and intestinal contents from the mouth is called

back 74

vomiting

front 75

Name the phase of gastric regulation that occurs in response to food in the stomach

back 75

gastric phase

front 76

List the four lobes of the liver

back 76

left, caudate, right, and quadrate lobe

front 77

The tubular glands that open into the gastric pits of the initial region of the stomach are called ________ glands

back 77

cardiac

front 78

The mucosa of the colon is primarily lined with _______ ______ epithelium

back 78

simple columnar

front 79

Longitudinal ridges within the mucosa of the anal are called anal _______

back 79

columns

front 80

The part of the mesentary that extends from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach is the ______ omentum

back 80

lesser

front 81

Name the classes of nutrients that are absorbed without being digested

back 81

vitamins and minerals