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5 Radreview Radiation exposure & monitoring

front 1

The operation of personnel radiation monitoring devices can depend on which of the following?

Ionization
Luminescence
Thermoluminescence

A
1 only
B
1 and 2 only
C
2 and 3 only
D
1, 2, and 3

back 1

D 1, 2, and 3

front 2

What is the established annual occupational dose-equivalent limit for the lens of the eye?
A
10 mSv
B
50 mSv
C
150 mSv
D
250 mSv

back 2

C 150 mSv

front 3

Which of the following is an acceptable approximate entrance skin exposure (ESE) for a PA chest radiograph?
A
6 mR
B
20 mR
C
38 mR
D
0.6 R

back 3

B 20 mR

front 4

Medical and dental radiation accounts for what percentage of the general public's exposure to human-made radiation?
A
10%
B
50%
C
80%
D
95%

back 4

C 80%

front 5

The operation of personal radiation monitoring can be based on stimulated luminescence. Which of the following personal radiation monitors function(s) in that manner?

OSL dosimeter
TLD
Pocket dosimeter

A
1 only
B
1 and 2 only
C
1 and 3 only
D
1, 2, and 3

back 5

B 1 and 2 only

front 6

Which of the following is (are) included in whole-body dose equivalents?

Gonads
Lens
Extremities

A
1 only
B
1 and 2 only
C
2 and 3 only
D
1, 2, and 3

back 6

B 1 and 2 only

front 7

Which of the following exposures would most likely deliver the greatest dose to the thyroid?
A
AP skull
B
PA skull
C
PA esophagus
D
PA chest

back 7

A AP skull

front 8

The control dosimeter that comes from the monitoring company should be
A
stored in a radiation-free area
B
kept in a designated control booth
C
kept in the film-processing area
D
used as an extra badge for new personnel

back 8

A stored in a radiation-free area

front 9

Which unit of exposure is described as 100 ergs of energy per gram of irradiated absorber?
A
roentgen
B
rad
C
rem
D
curie

back 9

B
rad

front 10

The annual dose limit for occupationally exposed individuals is valid for
A
alpha, beta, and x-radiations.
B
x- and gamma radiations only.
C
beta, x-, and gamma radiations.
D
all ionizing radiations.

back 10

C beta, x-, and gamma radiations.

front 11

The tabletop exposure rate during fluoroscopy shall not exceed
A
5 mR/min
B
10 R/min
C
10 mR/h
D
5 R/h

back 11

B 10 R/min

front 12

Personal radiation monitor reports must include which of the following information?

Dose equivalents for report period
Dosimeter type
Radiation quality

A
1 only
B
1 and 2 only
C
2 and 3 only
D
1, 2, and 3

back 12

D 1, 2, and 3

front 13

According to the NCRP, the pregnant radiographer's gestational dose-equivalent limit for a 1-month period is
A
1 mSv
B
5 mSv
C
0.1 mSv
D
0.5 mSv

back 13

D 0.5 mSv

front 14

Which of the following is a measurement of dose to biologic tissue?
A
Roentgen (C/kg)
B
Rad (Gy)
C
Rem (Sv)
D
RBE

back 14

C Rem (Sv)

front 15

If the exposure rate to a body standing 5 feet from a radiation source is 10 mR/min, what will be the dose to that body at a distance of 8 feet from the source?
A
25.6 mR/min
B
16 mR/min
C
6.25 mR/min
D
3.9 mR/min

back 15

D 3.9 mR/min

front 16

The annual dose limit for medical imaging personnel includes radiation from

occupational exposure
background radiation
medical x-rays

A
1 only
B
1 and 2 only
C
2 and 3 only
D
1, 2, and 3

back 16

A 1 only

front 17

A dose of 25 rad to the fetus during the seventh or eighth week of pregnancy is likely to cause which of the following?
A
Spontaneous abortion
B
Skeletal anomalies
C
Neurologic anomalies
D
Organogenesis

back 17

C Neurologic anomalies

front 18

All the following statements regarding TLDs are true except
A
TLDs are reusable
B
a TLD is a personal radiation monitor
C
TLDs use a lithium fluoride phosphor
D
after x-ray exposure, TLDs emit heat in response to stimulation by light

back 18

D
after x-ray exposure, TLDs emit heat in response to stimulation by light

front 19

A thermoluminescent dosimetry system would use which of the following crystals?
A
Silver halide
B
Sodium thiosulfate
C
Lithium fluoride
D
Aluminum oxide

back 19

C Lithium fluoride

front 20

Which of the following is (are) acceptable way(s) to monitor the radiation exposure of those who are occupationally employed?

TLD
OSL dosimeter
Quarterly blood cell count

A
1 only
B
1 and 2 only
C
1 and 3 only
D
1, 2, and 3

back 20

B 1 and 2 only

front 21

Filters are an important component of film badges. Their function is to
A
decrease exposure to the user.
B
identify the quality of radiation exposure.
C
reduce film fog.
D
increase film sensitivity.

back 21

B identify the quality of radiation exposure.

front 22

It is recommended that a thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) or film badge be worn
A
under the lead apron at waist level
B
outside the lead apron at waist level
C
under the lead apron at collar level
D
outside the lead apron at collar level

back 22

D outside the lead apron at collar level

front 23

An optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter contains which of the following detectors?
A
Gadolinium
B
Aluminum oxide
C
Lithium fluoride
D
Photographic film

back 23

B Aluminum oxide

front 24

Which of the following radiologic examinations would deliver the greatest ESE?
A
Chest
B
Skull
C
Abdomen
D
Thoracic spine

back 24

C Abdomen

front 25

Which of the following is recommended for the pregnant radiographer?
A
Change dosimeters weekly.
B
Wear a second dosimeter under the lead apron.
C
Wear two dosimeters and switch their positions appropriately.
D
The pregnant radiographer must leave radiation areas for duration of the pregnancy.

back 25

B Wear a second dosimeter under the lead apron.

front 26

The rad may be described as
A
disintegrations per second.
B
ions produced in air.
C
energy deposited in an absorber.
D
biologic effects.

back 26

C energy deposited in an absorber.

front 27

Types of secondary radiation barriers include

the control booth
lead aprons
the x-ray tube housing

A
2 only
B
1 and 2 only
C
2 and 3 only
D
1, 2, and 3

back 27

D 1, 2, and 3

front 28

A dose of 25 rad to the fetus during the fourth or fifth week of pregnancy is more likely to cause which of the following:
A
Spontaneous abortion
B
skeletal anomalies
C
neurologic anomalies
D
organogenesis

back 28

B skeletal anomalies

front 29

Which of the following statements regarding film badges is (are) correct?
1. Film badges should be read quarterly.
2. Film badges must not leave the workplace.
3. Film badges measure quantity and quality of radiation exposure.
A
1 only
B
1 and 2 only
C
2 and 3 only
D
1, 2, and 3

back 29

C 2 and 3 only

front 30

The person responsible for ascertaining that all radiation guidelines are adhered to and that personnel understand and employ radiation safety measures is the
A
radiology department manager
B
radiation safety officer
C
chief radiologist
D
chief technologist

back 30

B radiation safety officer

front 31

What unit of measure is used to express ionizing radiation dose to biologic material?
A
Roentgen (C/kg)
B
Rad (Gy)
C
Rem (Sv)
D
RBE

back 31

C Rem (Sv)

front 32

Which of the following personnel monitoring devices used in diagnostic radiography is considered to be the most sensitive and accurate?
A
TLD
B
Film badge
C
OSL dosimeter
D
Pocket dosimeter

back 32

C OSL dosimeter

front 33

The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) has recommended what total equivalent dose limit to the embryo/fetus?
A
0.5 mSv
B
5.0 mSv
C
50 mSv
D
500 mSv

back 33

B 5.0 mSv

front 34

The rad is the unit of
A
radiation dose.
B
exposure.
C
dose equivalent.
D
ionization in air.

back 34

A radiation dose.

front 35

The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) recommends an annual occupational effective (stochastic) dose equivalent limit of
A
50 mSv (5 rem).
B
100 mSv (10 rem).
C
25 mSv (2.5 rem).
D
200 mSv (20 rem).

back 35

A 50 mSv (5 rem).

front 36

Which of the following refers to a regular program of evaluation that ensures the proper functioning of x-ray equipment, thereby protecting both radiation workers and patients?
A
Sensitometry
B
Densitometry
C
Quality assurance
D
Modulation transfer function

back 36

C Quality assurance

front 37

Radiation output from a diagnostic x-ray tube is measured in which of the following units of measurement?
A
Rad
B
Rem
C
Roentgen
D
Becqueral

back 37

C Roentgen

front 38

The purpose of filters in a film badge is
A
to eliminate harmful rays
B
to measure radiation quality
C
to prevent exposure by alpha particles
D
as a support for the film contained within

back 38

B to measure radiation quality

front 39

Which type of personnel radiation monitor can provide an immediate reading?
A
Thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD)
B
Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL)
C
Film badge
D
Ionization chamber

back 39

D Ionization chamber

front 40

According to the NCRP, the annual occupational whole-body dose-equivalent limit is
A
1 mSv
B
50 mSv
C
150 mSv
D
500 mSv

back 40

B 50 mSv

front 41

What is the annual dose-equivalent limit for the skin and hands of an occupationally exposed individual?
A
5 rem
B
25 rem
C
50 rem
D
100 rem

back 41

C 50 rem

front 42

The roentgen is the unit of
A
radiation dose
B
biologic dose
C
dose equivalent
D
ionization in air

back 42

D ionization in air

front 43

Occupational radiation monitoring is required when it is possible that the individual might receive more than
A
5 mrem
B
10 mrem
C
one-tenth the annual dose limit
D
one-fourth the annual dose limit

back 43

C one-tenth the annual dose limit

front 44

Which of the following is considered the unit of exposure in air?
A
Roentgen (C/kg)
B
Rad (Gy)
C
Rem (Sv)
D
RBE

back 44

A Roentgen (C/kg)

front 45

How will x-ray photon intensity be affected if the SID is doubled?
A
Its intensity increases two times.
B
Its intensity increases four times.
C
Its intensity decreases two times.
D
Its intensity decreases four times.

back 45

D Its intensity decreases four times.

front 46

What is the annual TEDE limit for radiation workers?
A
5 mSv
B
500 mSv
C
5,000 mSv
D
50 mSv

back 46

D 50 mSv

front 47

According to the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP), the gestational dose-equivalent limit for embryo/fetus of a pregnant radiographer is
A
1 mSv
B
0.5 mSv
C
15 mSv
D
50 mSv

back 47

B 0.5 mSv

front 48

Referring to the nomogram in Figure 3–8, what is the approximate patient ESE from a particular projection made at 105 cm using 125 kVp, 400 mA, 8 ms, and 3.0 mm Al total filtration ?

Reproduced, with permission, from McCullough EC, Cameron JR. Exposure rates from diagnostic x-ray units. Br J Radiol 1970;43:448–451.
A
23 mR
B
48 mR
C
230 mR
D
480 mR

back 48

B 48 mR

front 49

The largest dose to the male gonads is most likely to result from which of the following exposures?
A
Lateral thoracic spine
B
Oblique lumbar spine
C
Cross-table lateral hip
D
AP axial skull

back 49

C Cross-table lateral hip

front 50

The roentgen, as a unit of measurement, expresses
A
absorbed dose
B
exposure in air
C
dose equivalent
D
dose to biologic material

back 50

B exposure in air

front 51

The NCRP recommends an annual effective occupational dose-equivalent limit of
A
2.5 rem (25 mSv)
B
5 rem (50 mSv)
C
10 rem (100 mSv)
D
20 rem (200 mSv)

back 51

B 5 rem (50 mSv)

front 52

The unit of absorbed dose is the
A
roentgen (C/kg).
B
rad (Gy).
C
rem (Sv).
D
RBE.

back 52

B rad (Gy).

front 53

The term effective dose refers to
A
whole-body dose
B
localized organ dose
C
genetic effects
D
somatic and genetic effects

back 53

A whole-body dose

front 54

The purpose of filters in a film badge is
A
to eliminate harmful rays.
B
to measure radiation quality.
C
to prevent exposure by alpha particles.
D
as a support for the film contained within.

back 54

B to measure radiation quality.

front 55

Which of the following personnel radiation monitors will provide an immediate reading?
A
TLD
B
Film badge
C
Lithium fluoride chips
D
Pocket dosimeter

back 55

D Pocket dosimeter

front 56

The unit of measurement used to express occupational exposure is the
A
roentgen (C/kg)
B
rad (Gy)
C
rem (Sv)
D
relative biologic effectiveness (RBE)

back 56

C rem (Sv)

front 57

Any wall that the useful x-ray beam can be directed toward is called a
A
secondary barrier
B
primary barrier
C
leakage barrier
D
scattered barrier

back 57

B primary barrier

front 58

The annual dose limit for occupationally exposed individuals is valid for
A
alpha, beta, and x-radiations
B
x- and gamma radiations only
C
beta, x-, and gamma radiations
D
all ionizing radiations

back 58

C beta, x-, and gamma radiations

front 59

What is the established fetal dose-limit guideline for pregnant radiographers during the entire gestation period?
A
0.1 rem
B
0.5 rem
C
5.0 rem
D
10 rem

back 59

B 0.5 rem

front 60

According to the NCRP, the annual occupational dose-equivalent limit (50 rem) to the thyroid, skin, and extremities is
A
50 mSv
B
150 mSv
C
500 mSv
D
1,500 mSv

back 60

C 500 mSv