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Chapter 24 Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

front 1

_____ excretion represents the major route of water loss

back 1

urine

front 2

A buffer is any mechanism that resists changes in pH by

back 2

converting a strong acid or base to a weak one

front 3

List the roles of calcium

back 3

participate in muscle contraction

participates in bone and tooth development

acts as a second messenger and activates exocytosis during neurotransmission

acts as a factor for blood clotting

front 4

Water output is significantly controlled through variations in

back 4

urine volume

front 5

A person is in a state of fluid ____ when daily gains and losses are equal.

back 5

balance

front 6

Rank the following routes of normal water loss from largest volume to smallest volume

back 6

urine

cutaneous transpiration

breath

feces

sweat

front 7

The combination of water from food and drink is known as _____ water

back 7

preformed

front 8

Prolonged, heavy work ____ the respiratory loss to 650 mL/day and perspiration to 5 L/day; at the same time it ____ urine output by nearly two-thirds

back 8

raises; reduces

front 9

Indicate which of the following statements is correct regarding the abundance of electrolytes in the ECF and ICF

back 9

sodium is more abundant in the ECF and potassium is more abundant in the ICF

front 10

The two main categories of acid-base imbalances are respiratory and

back 10

metabolic

front 11

Cellular function requires a fluid medium with a carefully controlled composition. Select the three mechanisms by which the body maintains homeostatic balance

back 11

electrolyte, water, and acid-base balance

front 12

Indicate which of the following are examples of fluid sequestration

back 12

pleural effusion

hemorrhage

edema

front 13

Name the most abundant cation of the intracellular fluid, which is the greatest determinant of intracellular osmolarity and cell volume

back 13

potassium

front 14

____ is the principal cation of the ECF; it accounts for 90% to 95% of the osmolarity of the ECF and therefore it is the most significant solute in determining total body water

back 14

sodium

front 15

The ____ of a solution is determined by its hydrogen ions

back 15

pH

front 16

The most important buffer system in the blood is the bicarbonate buffer, which is a solution of ____ acid and bicaronate ions

back 16

carbonic

front 17

Indicate which of the following regulate sodium homeostasis

back 17

aldosterone

antidiuretic hormone

natriuertic peptides

front 18

Indicate which of the following are the functions of chloride ions

back 18

important in osmotic balance

participate in chloride shift that accompanies CO2 loading and unloading

contribute to formation of stomach acid

play major role in the regulation of body pH

front 19

Indicate which of the following statements are true regarding fluid sequestration

back 19

causes of fluid sequestration include edema and hemorrhage

it is a condition in which excess fluid accumulates in a particular location

front 20

The plasma concentration of chloride less than 95 mEq/L is called ______ and it is usually a side effect of hyponatremia

back 20

hypochloremia

front 21

Name the condition in which plasma sodium concentration is less than 130 mEq/L

back 21

hyponatremia

front 22

A ____ buffer is a system - namely, the respiratory or urinary system - that stabilizes pH by controlling the body's output of acids, bases, or CO2

back 22

physiological

front 23

____ play a crucial role in governing the body's water distribution and total water content

back 23

electrolytes

front 24

A deficiency of CO2 is called

back 24

hypocapnia

front 25

Indicate which of the following are examples of preformed water

back 25

water in a baked potato and steak dinner

water in an apple

water in a glass of milk

front 26

List the components of transcellular fluid

back 26

vitreous and aqueous humors of the eye

bile; and fluid in the digestive, urinary, and respiratory tracts

cerebrospinal, synovial, peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial fluids

front 27

Indicate four factors that can lead to volume depletion (hypovolemia), in which proportionate amounts of water and sodium are lost

back 27

chronic vomiting

hemorrhage

profuse sweating

diarrhea

front 28

A blood pH below 7.35 is defined as a state of _____

back 28

acidosis

front 29

The _____ can neutralize more acid or base than either the respiratory system or the chemical buffers

back 29

kidneys

front 30

Prolonged exposure to _____ can dehydrate a person

back 30

heat or cold

front 31

Indicate which of the following is not an anion electrolyte

back 31

calcium ion

front 32

Imbalances of water can also cause

back 32

electrolyte and acid-base imbalances

front 33

Most magnesium is found in intracellular fluid complexed with

back 33

ATP

front 34

Indicate which of the following are the two types of increase of fluid in the body

back 34

volume excess

hypotonic hydration

front 35

ADH release is inhibited when

back 35

blood osmolarity is too low

blood volume and pressure is too high

front 36

Plasma concentrations of calcium less than 4.5 mEq/L are known as

back 36

hypocalcemia

front 37

True imbalances in ____ concentration are relatively rare because its excess or depletion is almost always accompanied by proportionate changes in water volume

back 37

sodium

front 38

Indicate which of the following are fast-acting stimuli that cause a short-term inhibition of thirst

back 38

cooling or moistening the mouth

front 39

Identify the "salt-retaining hormone"

back 39

Aldosterone

front 40

List the tree major chemical buffer systems of the body

back 40

bicarbonate

phosphate

protein

front 41

The condition called _____ is a dangerously high plasma potassium concentration greater than 5.5 mEq/L

back 41

hyperkalemia

front 42

Every process that depends on ATP depends on ____ ions

back 42

phosphate

front 43

Calcium concentration is regulated chiefly by ______ hormone and calcitriol, and in children by calcitonin

back 43

parathyroid

front 44

In _____ transpiration, water diffuses through the epidermis and evaporates

back 44

cutaneous

front 45

The primary effects of aldosterone are that the urine contains ____ NaCl and ____ potassium and has a ____ pH

back 45

less; more; lower