Print Options

Card layout: ?

← Back to notecard set|Easy Notecards home page

Instructions for Side by Side Printing
  1. Print the notecards
  2. Fold each page in half along the solid vertical line
  3. Cut out the notecards by cutting along each horizontal dotted line
  4. Optional: Glue, tape or staple the ends of each notecard together
  1. Verify Front of pages is selected for Viewing and print the front of the notecards
  2. Select Back of pages for Viewing and print the back of the notecards
    NOTE: Since the back of the pages are printed in reverse order (last page is printed first), keep the pages in the same order as they were after Step 1. Also, be sure to feed the pages in the same direction as you did in Step 1.
  3. Cut out the notecards by cutting along each horizontal and vertical dotted line
To print: Ctrl+PPrint as a list

87 notecards = 22 pages (4 cards per page)

Viewing:

Chapter 23 Urinary System

front 1

The motor fibers of the renal plexus are branches of the ___ nervous system

back 1

sympathetic

front 2

In the kidney, the process by which fluid and solutes from the tubular fluid are moved to the blood is called tubular

back 2

reabsorption

front 3

The kidneys play a major role in the regulation of ____ and ____

back 3

acid-base balance

electrolytes

front 4

List, in order, the structures through which a drop of urine will flow after it drains from a renal papilla

back 4

minor calyx

major calyx

renal pelvis

ureter

front 5

The ____ of the kidney is the inner layer, while the ____ is the layer surrounding it

back 5

medulla; cortex

front 6

The renal pelvis funnels urine into the tube called the

back 6

ureter

front 7

List the functions of the kidneys

back 7

regulations of electrolyte balance

site of calcitriol activation

filtering blood to remove the metabolic waste

front 8

The glomerulus is a bed of capillaries surrounded by a

back 8

glomerular capsule

front 9

The functional unit of the kidney is called the

back 9

nephron

front 10

List solutes that are reabsorbed from the nephron loop

back 10

sodium

potassium

chlorine

front 11

The renal medulla is comprised of

back 11

renal pyramids and renal columns

front 12

The process by which water and some solutes in the blood plasma pass from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space is called the glomerular

back 12

filtration

front 13

List some variables that affect the glomerular filtration rate

back 13

permeability of filtration membrane

surface area available for filtration

front 14

List in order, from the blood side to the capsular space, the structures through which any filtered substance must pass

back 14

fenestrated endothelium of the capillary

basement membrane

filtration slits

front 15

Activation of the renin-angiotensin mechanism initiates changes that will result in an _____ in blood pressure

back 15

increase

front 16

Urine is conveyed out of the body by a tube called the

back 16

urethra

front 17

The ____ can be described as a muscular sac on the floor of the pelvic cavity, inferior to the peritoneum and posterior to the pubic symhpysis

back 17

bladder

front 18

Nephrons classified as ____ nephrons have long nephron loops that extend deep into the medulla

back 18

juxtamedullary

front 19

The _____ _____ carries blood from the glomerulus into the peituibular capillaries

back 19

efferent arteriole

front 20

Filtration pressure at a glomerulus is determined by the balance of ____ pressure and ____ pressure

back 20

hydrostatic

colloid osmotic

front 21

The process of separating wastes from bodily fluids and elimination them from the body is called

back 21

excretion

front 22

Name the plasma protein that is converted by renin to angiotensin I

back 22

angiotensinogen

front 23

Renal clearance is the net effect of

back 23

glomerular filtration of waste

amount added by tubular secretion

amount removed by tubular reabsorption

front 24

List the order of arteries carrying blood from the renal artery into the renal cortex

back 24

segmental arteries

interlobar arteries

arcuate arteries

cortical radiate arteries

front 25

A nephron consists of ______ and ______

back 25

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

front 26

Clearing aspirin, penicillin, and other drugs from the blood stream via the kidneys are examples of tubular

back 26

secretion

front 27

Describe the location of the kidneys

back 27

retroperitoneal at the level of T12 to L3

front 28

Small molecules can pass freely through the filtration membrane into the capsular space. Those molecules that have passed through the filtration membrane include

back 28

electrolytes, water, glucose

front 29

The fluid in the glomerular capsule is formed by filtration at the glomerulus. This fluid is called _____

back 29

filtrate

front 30

The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism of GFR regulation relies on the monitoring of tubular fluid by a renal structure called the _____ _____

back 30

juxtaglomerular apparatus

front 31

The amount of water reabsorption can be altered, allowing the production of either a concentrated or dilute urine. This is the role of the ____ ____ of the renal tubules

back 31

collecting duct

front 32

The primary function of the nephron loop is to generate a medullary ECF osmotic gradient that allows the ____ of urine

back 32

concentration

front 33

Tubular secretion is important for waste removal. Some of the substance that are secreted include

back 33

bile acids, ammonia, urea

front 34

From deepest to most superficial, list the layers of connective tissue that surround the kidney

back 34

fibrous capsule

perirenal fat capsule

renal fascia

front 35

Name the length of tube that includes the proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct

back 35

renal tubule

front 36

The kidneys regulate blood volume and blood pressure by

back 36

regulating water output

front 37

A chemical that increases urine volume is called a _____

back 37

diuretic

front 38

List some hormones that regulate the amount of water and salts that is reabsorbed by the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

back 38

aldosterone

antidiuretic hormone

atrial natriuretic peptide

front 39

List renal tubular segments that are influenced by aldosterone

back 39

ascending limb of nephron loop

collecting duct

distal convoluted tubule

front 40

Name the hormone that makes the collecting duct more permeable to water so water reenters the tissue fluid and blood rather than being lost in the urine

back 40

ADH

front 41

The blunt tips of the renal pyramids, from which urine is collected into the calyces, are called renal

back 41

papilla

front 42

Describe the benefit of renal autoregulation

back 42

GFR held steady regardless of changes in mean arterial pressure

front 43

List the components of a renal corpuscle

back 43

glomerular capsule

glomerulus

front 44

Describe collecting ducts

back 44

carry fluid from multiple nephrons to renal papillae

front 45

The kidneys produce _____, a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells

back 45

erythropoietin

front 46

Define transport maximum

back 46

the upper limit of amount of solute that can be reabsorbed

front 47

The detrusor muscle is thickend near the urethra to from an internal urethral sphincter which compresses the urethra and retains urine in the bladder. This sphincter is composed of _____ muscle

back 47

smooth

front 48

List some effects of activation of the renin-angiotensin system

back 48

increased water retention

increased BP

vasoconstriction

front 49

List two examples of nitrogenous wastes that are excreted by the kidneys

back 49

urea

creatinine

front 50

Plasma angiotensin II levels would be increased when mean arterial blood pressure is

back 50

decreased

front 51

The micturition center is located in the ____ of the brain stem

back 51

pons

front 52

The color of urine is due to the presence of a pigment called ____, produced during the breakdown of hemoglobin

back 52

urochrome

front 53

The longest and most coiled region of the renal tubule arises from the glomerular capsule and is called the

back 53

proximal convoluted tubule

front 54

List the three segments of the male urethra

back 54

prostatic urethra

membranous urethra

spongy urethra

front 55

When considering all of the pressures present within the renal corpuscle, the net filtration pressure causes the movement of fluid ____ the glomerular capillaries

back 55

out of

front 56

Water moves through specialized water channels called

back 56

aquaporins

front 57

The ___ segment of the nephron loop participates in active transport of salts

back 57

thick

front 58

Within the renal corpuscle, colloid osmotic pressure (COP) is an ____ pressure

back 58

inward

front 59

Name the effect of atrial natriuertic peptide

back 59

decreased sodium reabsorption

front 60

Name the symptoms of diabetes mellitus that are directly related to the high level of glucose in the renal tubules

back 60

polyuria

dehydration

glycosuria

front 61

Within the renal corpuscle, blood hydrostatic pressure is the pressure forcing fluid into the glomerular capsular

back 61

space

front 62

The ____ ____ consists of a descending limb and an ascending limb

back 62

nephron loop

front 63

The _____ nervous system causes vasconstriction of the afferent arterioles, reducing glomerular blood flow and GFR

back 63

sympathetic

front 64

Leaky junctions between epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubule that allow water to move are called

back 64

tight junctions

front 65

Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction of

back 65

efferent arterioles and those throughout the body

front 66

Angiotensin II stimulates the posterior pituitary to secrete ____ hormone

back 66

ADH

front 67

A urine output of less than 500 ml/day is called ___ and can be due to kidney disease, dehydration, shock, and other cauess

back 67

oliguria

front 68

The pH of urine is usually mildly

back 68

acidic

front 69

The muscularis of the bladder is composed of three layers of smooth muscle called the ____ muscle

back 69

detrusor

front 70

Describe a renal calyx

back 70

cuplike or funnellike structure that collects urine

front 71

The most abundant cation in the glomerular filtrate is

back 71

sodium

front 72

Fluid and solutes reabsorbed at the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) are picked up by what capillary bed?

back 72

peritubular capillaries

front 73

The region of the nephron that is adapted for reabsorption as seen in its length and prominent microvilli is the

back 73

proximal convoluted tubule

front 74

The capillaries forming a glomerulus have pores that allow filtration. Due to the presence of these pores, this type of capillary is classified as a ____ capillary

back 74

fenestrated

front 75

Contraction of aretiolar smooth muscle whn it is stretched allows adjustment of afferent arteriolar diameter with changes in blood pressure. This is the basis for the ____ mechanism of renal autoregulation

back 75

myogenic

front 76

Filling the bladder stimulates stretch receptors that, in turn, trigger a reflex that relaxes the internal urethra sphincter. This reflex is ____

back 76

parasympathetic

front 77

Glucose is cotransported with sodium by the sodium-glucose transporter and then removed from the basolaterial surface of thcell and into the blood by a process called

back 77

facilitated diffusion

front 78

The kidneys are about the size of a

back 78

bar of soap

front 79

The salts in the medullary ECF that contribute to its high osmolarity were transported into the ECF from the _____ limb of the nephron loops

back 79

ascending

front 80

As an enzyme, _____ functions to convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

back 80

renin

front 81

The hormone ____ causes increased reabsorption of sodium (and the water that follows) and secretion of potassium from the larger segments of the renal tubule

back 81

aldosterone

front 82

The collecting duct receives fluid from the

back 82

distal convoluted tube

front 83

Increased GFR results in ____ urine volume and ____ blood volume

back 83

increased; decreased

front 84

If glomerular filtration rate is too ___, fluid flows through the renal tubules too rapidly. Urine output will increase and electrolyte depletion may occur.

back 84

high

front 85

Describe the importance of the medullary ECF osmolarity gradient

back 85

allows production of very concentrated urine

front 86

Hyperglycemia in diabetes results in glucose in the urine, a condition called _____

back 86

glycosuria

front 87

Parathyroid hormone acts on the proximal convoluted tubule to inhibit ____ reabsorption and on the distal convoluted tubule to increase ____ reabsorption

back 87

phosphate; calcium